(–)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological and medical anthropological investigations suggest that flavanol-rich foods exert cardiovascular health benefits. Endothelial dysfunction, a prognostically relevant key event in atherosclerosis, is characterized by a decreased bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and impaired flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). We show in healthy male adults that the ingestion of flavanol-rich cocoa was associated with acute elevations in levels of circulating NO species, an enhanced FMD response of conduit arteries, and an augmented microcirculation. In addition, the concentrations and the chemical profiles of circulating flavanol metabolites were determined, and multivariate regression analyses identified (–)-epicatechin and its metabolite, epicatechin-7- O -glucuronide, as independent predictors of the vascular effects after flavanol-rich cocoa ingestion. A mixture of flavanols/metabolites, resembling the profile and concentration of circulating flavanol compounds in plasma after cocoa ingestion, induced a relaxation in preconstricted rabbit aortic rings ex vivo , thus mimicking acetylcholine-induced relaxations. Ex vivo flavanol-induced relaxation, as well as the in vivo increases in FMD, were abolished by inhibition of NO synthase. Oral administration of chemically pure (–)-epicatechin to humans closely emulated acute vascular effects of flavanol-rich cocoa. Finally, the concept that a chronic intake of high-flavanol diets is associated with prolonged, augmented NO synthesis is supported by data that indicate a correlation between the chronic consumption of a cocoa flavanol-rich diet and the augmented urinary excretion of NO metabolites. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the human ingestion of the flavanol (–)-epicatechin is, at least in part, causally linked to the reported vascular effects observed after the consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Studies with NOX4−/− mice indicate protection from endothelial dysfunction in wild-type mice compared with the NOX4 deletion.
“Studies with NOX4−/− mice indicate protection from endothelial dysfunction in wild-type mice compared with the NOX4 deletion (832).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [832]
NOX4 is the most abundant isoform in ECs, and it is also present in VSMCs and adventitial fibroblasts.
“NOX4 is the most abundant isoform in ECs, and it is also present in VSMCs and adventitial fibroblasts (10, 265, 736, 832, 876, 1036).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [832]
Flow-mediated dilation was measured by ultrasonography with an automated analysis system after overnight fasting and 30 minutes of supine rest.
“Brachial artery (BA) FMD was measured by ultrasonography (13-MHz transducer, Sonosite Micromax, Bothell, Washington) in combination with an automated analysis system (Medical Imaging Applications, Iowa City, Iowa) in a 21°C temperature-controlled room after 30 min of supine rest (7).”
After cocoa intake, plasma epicatechin metabolite concentrations paralleled increases in plasma nitroso species concentrations and the vascular response.
“Epicatechin metabolite concentrations in plasma after cocoa intake paralleled the increase of plasma nitroso species concentrations and the vascular response (187).”
From The food metabolome: a window over dietary exposure (2014) · cites this paper as [187]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The environment and disease: association or causation?
Hill, A. B. (2015) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076814562718 · Cited by 7,302 · see citing works
Middleton, E., Kandaswami, C., & Theoharides, T. C. (2000) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01472-8 · Cited by 4,882 · see citing works
Corretti, M. C., Anderson, T. J., Benjamin, E. J., Celermajer, D. S., Charbonneau, F., Creager, M. A., Deanfield, J. E., Drexler, H., Gerhard‐Herman, M. D., Herrington, D. M., et al. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01746-6 · Cited by 4,606 · see citing works
Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases
Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2005) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1040869059096 · Cited by 2,999 · see citing works
Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies
Arts, I. C., & Hollman, P. C. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.1.317s · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction
Widlansky, M. E., Gokce, N., Keaney, J. F., & Vita, J. A. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00994-x · Cited by 1,749 · see citing works
Joannidès, R., Haefeli, W. E., Linder, L., Richard, V. J., Bakkali, E. H., Thuillez, C., & Lüscher, T. F. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.91.5.1314 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works
Hofstra, L., Tordoir, J. H. M., Kitslaar, P. J. E. H. M., Hoeks, A. P. G., & Daemen, M. J. A. P. (1996) · PubMed · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.6.1283 · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease
Hung, H.-C., Joshipura, K. J., Jiang, R., Hu, F. B., Hunter, D., Smith-Warner, S. A., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman, D., & Willett, W. C. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh296 · Cited by 1,327 · see citing works
Bonetti, P. O., Pumper, G. M., Higano, S. T., Holmes, D. R., Kuvin, J. T., & Lerman, A. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.062 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Feigl, E. O. (1983) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.1.1 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Control of coronary vascular tone by nitric oxide.
Kelm, M., & Schrader, J. (1990) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.66.6.1561 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Self-citationNutritional, Dietary and Postprandial Oxidative Stress
Sies, H., Stahl, W., & Sevanian, A. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.5.969 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Self-citationImpaired progenitor cell activity in age-related endothelial dysfunction
Heiss, C., Keymel, S., Niesler, U., Ziemann, J., Kelm, M., & Kalka, C. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.074 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Self-citationStein, J. H., Keevil, J. G., Wiebe, D. A., Aeschlimann, S. E., & Folts, J. D. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1050 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Flavonols, Flavones, Flavanones, and Human Health: Epidemiological Evidence
Graf, B. A., Milbury, P. E., & Blumberg, J. B. (2005) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2005.8.281 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Duffy, S. J., Keaney, J. F., HOLBROOK, M. M., Gokce, N., Swerdloff, P. L., Frei, B. B., & Vita, J. A. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.104.2.151 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Grassi, D., Lippi, C., Necozione, S., Desideri, G., & Ferri, C. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.3.611 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans
Fisher, N. D. L., Hughes, M., Gerhard‐Herman, M. D., & Hollenberg, N. K. (2003) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200312000-00016 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Self-citationEngler, M. B., Engler, M. M., Chen, C. Y., Malloy, M. J., Browne, A., Chiu, E. Y., Kwak, H., Milbury, P. E., Paul, S. M., Blumberg, J. B., et al. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719361 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols
Heiss, C. (2003) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.290.8.1030 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Long, L. H., Clement, M. V., & Halliwell, B. (2000) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2895 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Acute Consumption of Flavanol-Rich Cocoa and the Reversal of Endothelial Dysfunction in Smokers
Heiß, C., Kleinbongard, P., Dejam, A., Perré, S., Schroeter, H., Sies, H., & Kelm, M. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.055 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationRios, L. Y., Gonthier, M., Rémésy, C., Mila, I., Lapierre, C., Lazarus, S. A., Williamson, G., & Scalbert, A. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.4.912 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Chocolate and Blood Pressure in Elderly Individuals With Isolated Systolic Hypertension
Taubert, D. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.8.1029 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Effects of Cocoa Extracts on Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation
Karim, M., Hallam, K. M., & Kappagoda, C. T. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.8.2105s · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health
Keen, C. L., Holt, R. R., Oteiza, P. I., Fraga, C. G., & Schmitz, H. H. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.1.298s · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence for in vivo transport of bioactive nitric oxide in human plasma
Rassaf, T., Preik, M., Kleinbongard, P., Lauer, T., Heiß, C., Strauer, B. E., Feelisch, M., & Kelm, M. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci14995 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationCocoa polyphenols and inflammatory mediators
Sies, H., SCHEWE, T., Heiß, C., & Kelm, M. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.1.304s · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationNatsume, M., Osakabe, N., Makoto, O., Sasaki, M., Baba, S., Nakamura, Y., Osawa, T., & Terao, J. (2003) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01434-x · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Aging, Acculturation, Salt Intake, and Hypertension in the Kuna of Panama
Hollenberg, N. K., Martinez, G., McCullough, M. L., Meinking, T. L., Passan, D., Preston, M., Rivera, A., Taplin, D., & Vicaria-Clement, M. (1997) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.29.1.171 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes a glass of red wine improve endothelial function?
Agewall, S. (2000) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.1999.1759 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Epicatechin and Catechin are O-Methylated and Glucuronidated in the Small Intestine
Kuhnle, G., Spencer, J. P. E., Schroeter, H., Shenoy, B., Debnam, E. S., Srai, S. K., Rice-Evans, C. A., & Hahn, U. (2000) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3701 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence for in vivo transport of bioactive nitric oxide in human plasma
Rassaf, T., Preik, M., Kleinbongard, P., Lauer, T., Heiß, C., Strauer, B. E., Feelisch, M., & Kelm, M. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0214995 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationDiets and Cardiovascular Disease
Parikh, P., McDaniel, M. C., Ashen, M. D., Miller, J. I., Sorrentino, M. J., Chan, V. K., Blumenthal, R. S., & Sperling, L. S. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.068 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Chocolate Consumption and Platelet Function
Holt, R. R., Schramm, D. D., Keen, C. L., Lazarus, S. A., & Schmitz, H. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.17.2212 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationHypertension, the Kuna, and the Epidemiology of Flavanols
McCullough, M. L., Chevaux, K. A., Jackson, L., Preston, M., Martinez, G., Schmitz, H. H., Coletti, C. M., Campos, H., & Hollenberg, N. K. (2006) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00005344-200606001-00003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationMilk and absorption of dietary flavanols
Schroeter, H., Holt, R. R., Orozco, T. J., Schmitz, H. H., & Keen, C. L. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/426787b · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationThe metabolism and excretion of (+)-[14C]cyanidanol-3 in man following oral administration
Hackett, A. M., Griffiths, L. A., Broillet, A., & Wermeille, M. (1983) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.3109/00498258309052265 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
A philosophical analysis of the Hill criteria
Thygesen, L. C., Andersen, G. S., & Andersen, H. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.027524 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Brien, J. F., McLaughlin, B. E., Nakatsu, K., & Marks, G. S. (1996) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(96)68011-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Automated Ultrasonic Measurement of Human Arteries for the Determination of Endothelial Function
Preik, M., Lauer, T., Heiß, C., Tabery, S., Strauer, B. E., & Kelm, M. (2002) · Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound · doi:10.1055/s-2000-7989 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack tea increases coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy male subjects
Hirata, K., Shimada, K., Watanabe, H., Otsuka, R., Tokai, K., Yoshiyama, M., Homma, S., & Yoshikawa, J. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.02.035 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Janszky, I., Ericson, M. O., Blom, M., Georgiades, A., Magnusson, J.-O., Alinagizadeh, H., & Ahnve, S. (2005) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.035105 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chevaux, K. A., Jackson, L., Villar, M. E., Mundt, J. A., Commisso, J. F., Adamson, G. E., McCullough, M. M., Schmitz, H. H., & Hollenberg, N. K. (2001) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1006/jfca.2001.1027 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth benefits of eating chocolate?
Halliwell, B. B. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/426787a · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [27]McCullough, M. L., Chevaux, K. A., Jackson, L., Preston, M., Matinez, G., Schmitz, H., Coletti, C., Campos, H. & Hollenberg, N. K. (2005) J. Vasc. Pharmacol. , in press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Del Rio, D., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Spencer, J. P. E., Tognolini, M., Borges, G., & Crozier, A. (2013) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4581 · Cited by 2,601 · see citing works
Hooper, L., Kroon, P. A., Rimm, E. B., Cohn, J. S., Harvey, I., Le Cornu, K. A., Ryder, J. J., Hall, W. L., & Cassidy, A. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.38 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Hooper, L., Kay, C., Abdelhamid, A., Kroon, P. A., Cohn, J. S., Rimm, E. B., & Cassidy, A. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.023457 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Strategies to increase nitric oxide signalling in cardiovascular disease
Lundberg, J. O., Gladwin, M. T., & Weitzberg, E. (2015) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4623 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation
Tejero, J., Shiva, S., & Gladwin, M. T. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2017 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
The food metabolome: a window over dietary exposure
Scalbert, A., Brennan, L., Manach, C., Andres-Lacueva, C., Dragsted, L. O., Draper, J., Rappaport, S. M., van der Hooft, J. J., & Wishart, D. S. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.076133 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Grassi, D., Desideri, G., Necozione, S., Lippi, C., Casale, R., Properzi, G., Blumberg, J. B., & Ferri, C. (2008) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.9.1671 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Taubert, D., Roesen, R., Lehmann, C., Jung, N., & Schömig, E. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.1.49 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Williams, R. J., & Spencer, J. P. E. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.010 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Morand, C., Dubray, C., Milenkovic, D., Lioger, D., Martin, J. F., Scalbert, A., & Mazur, A. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004945 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Cocoa and Cardiovascular Health
Corti, R., Flammer, A. J., Hollenberg, N. K., & Lüscher, T. F. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.827022 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Self-citationHollman, P. C. H., Cassidy, A., Comte, B., Heinonen, M., Richelle, M., Richling, E., Serafini, M., Scalbert, A., Sies, H., & Vidry, S. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.131490 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citationBalzer, J., Rassaf, T., Heiss, C., Kleinbongard, P., Lauer, T., Merx, M., Heussen, N., Gross, H. B., Keen, C. L., Schroeter, H., et al. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.059 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel Aspects of Dietary Nitrate and Human Health
Weitzberg, E., & Lundberg, J. O. (2013) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161159 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Desideri, G., Kwik-Uribe, C., Grassi, D., Necozione, S., Ghiadoni, L., Mastroiacovo, D., Raffaele, A., Ferri, L., Bocale, R., Lechiara, M. C., et al. (2012) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.193060 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationPlant-Derived Flavanol (−)Epicatechin Enhances Angiogenesis and Retention of Spatial Memory in Mice
van Praag, H., Lucero, M. J., Yeo, G. W., Stecker, K., Heivand, N., Zhao, C., Yip, E., Afanador, M., Schroeter, H., Hammerstone, J., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0914-07.2007 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationBondonno, C. P., Yang, X., Croft, K. D., Considine, M. J., Ward, N. C., Rich, L., Puddey, I. B., Swinny, E., Mubarak, A., & Hodgson, J. M. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.028 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Nutrition for the ageing brain: Towards evidence for an optimal diet
Vauzour, D., Camprubi-Robles, M., Miquel-Kergoat, S., Andres-Lacueva, C., Bánáti, D., Barberger-Gateau, P., Bowman, G. L., Caberlotto, L., Clarke, R., Hogervorst, E., et al. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.010 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
van Dam, R. M., Naidoo, N., & Landberg, R. (2013) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32835bcdff · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Heiss, C., Jahn, S., Taylor, M., Real, W. M., Angeli, F. S., Wong, M. L., Amabile, N., Prasad, M., Rassaf, T., Ottaviani, J. I., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.039 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationCurtis, P. J., Sampson, M., Potter, J., Dhatariya, K., Kroon, P. A., & Cassidy, A. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1443 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Heinrich, U., Neukam, K., Tronnier, H., Sies, H., & Stahl, W. (2006) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.6.1565 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationSesso, H. D., Manson, J. E., Aragaki, A. K., Rist, P. M., Johnson, L. G., Friedenberg, G., Copeland, T., Clar, A., Mora, S., Moorthy, M. V., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac055 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Wightman, E. L., Haskell-Ramsay, C. F., Thompson, K. G., Blackwell, J. R., Winyard, P. G., Forster, J., Jones, A. M., & Kennedy, D. O. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.035 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Heinrich, U., Moore, C. E., De Spirt, S., Tronnier, H., & Stahl, W. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.136465 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Saito, S., Yamamoto, Y., Maki, T., Hattori, Y., Ito, H., Mizuno, K., Harada-Shiba, M., Kalaria, R. N., Fukushima, M., Takahashi, R., et al. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0429-5 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Hezel, M., Aydin, H., Kelm, M., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., Spencer, J. P. E., & Heiss, C. (2015) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.009 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
(-)-Epicatechin regulates blood lipids and attenuates hepatic steatosis in rats fed high-fat diet
Cheng, H., Xu, N., Zhao, W., Su, J., Liang, M., Xie, Z., Wu, X., & Li, Q. (2017) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700303 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Kennedy, D. O., & Haskell, C. F. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.010 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stachulski, A. V., Knausenberger, T. B.-A., Shah, S. N., Hoyles, L., & McArthur, S. (2023) · Tissue Barriers · doi:10.1080/21688370.2022.2073175 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Ishisaka, A., Mawatari, K., Vidal-Diez, A., Spencer, J. P. E., & Terao, J. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512003911 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kristensen, M., Engelsen, S. B., & Dragsted, L. O. (2012) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-011-0282-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Egan, B. M., Laken, M. A., Donovan, J. L., & Woolson, R. F. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.151522 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
McCarty, M. (2015) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare3020233 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Acute Electrocortical and Blood Pressure Effects of Chocolate
Montopoli, M., Stevens, L. C., Smith, C., Montopoli, G., Passino, S., Brown, S., Camou, L., Carson, K., Maaske, S., Knights, K., et al. (2015) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.2.1.3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schroeter, H., Heiss, C., Balzer, J., Kleinbongard, P., Keen, C. L., Hollenberg, N. K., Sies, H., Kwik-Uribe, C., Schmitz, H. H., & Kelm, M.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2006-01-17
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1024-1029
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1327732
- OpenAlex
- W2100116730
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 38.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- epicatechin, cocoa flavanols, endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide, flow-mediated dilation, microcirculation, nitric oxide synthase, aortic relaxation, cardiovascular health, atherosclerosis
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Animals, Aorta, Cacao, Cardiovascular System, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Catechin, Diet, Endothelium, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Nitric Oxide, Rabbits, Regression Analysis, Risk, Time Factors, Models, Statistical, Signal Transduction, Multivariate Analysis, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Flavones
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
