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Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Open accessAbstract
Obesity has recently emerged as a major global health problem. According to World Health Organization estimates, ≈1.6 billion adults worldwide were overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2) and at least 400 million were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) in 2005, numbers that are expected to reach 2.3 billion and 700 million, respectively, by 2015. In the United States, the percentage of overweight and obese adults increased markedly from 47% and 15% in 1976 to 1980 to >66% and 33% in 2005 to 2006, with the greatest proportion of increase seen among non-Hispanic black and Mexican American women.1,2 The implications of excess body weight are far-reaching. Epidemiological studies indicate that overweight and obesity are important risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature death.3 In the United States, healthcare expenditures attributable to overweight and obesity are estimated to be $147 billion or 9.1% of total healthcare costs per year.4 Such excess costs could have serious repercussions for resource-poor countries, which must manage the dual burdens of chronic and infectious disease. In the setting of a pandemic of obesity and related chronic diseases, the American Heart Association recently released a scientific statement recommending reductions in added-sugar intake to no more than 100 to 150 kcal/d for most Americans.5 The statement identified sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) as the primary source of added sugars in the American diet.6 Although it has long been suspected that SSBs contribute at least in part to the obesity epidemic, only in recent years have large epidemiological studies been able to substantiate the relationship between SSB consumption and long-term weight gain, T2DM, and cardiovascular risk. It is thought that SSBs contribute to weight gain because of their high added-sugar content, low satiety, and potential incomplete compensation for total energy, leading to increased energy intake.7,8 In addition, because of their high amounts of rapidly absorbable carbohydrates such as various forms of sugar and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and the large quantities consumed, SSBs may increase T2DM and cardiovascular risk independently of obesity as a contributor to a high dietary glycemic load (GL), leading to inflammation, insulin resistance, and impaired β-cell function.9 Fructose from any sugar or HFCS may also increase blood pressure and promote the accumulation of visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, and ectopic fat deposition because of increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis.10 Here, we review temporal patterns in SSB consumption and clinically relevant effects on obesity, T2DM, and cardiovascular disease risk, emphasizing potential underlying biological mechanisms, clinical implications, and consideration of methodological issues inherent in the literature.
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“Evidence has emerged linking SSB consumption to a number of health consequences among adults including weight gain [4, 5], cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., dyslipidemia) [6], insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [7, 8] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [9].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
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Dairy Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men: A Prospective Study
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hu FB. Obesity Epidemiology. New York NY: Oxford University Press; 2008.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)
Authors/Task Force Members:, Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092 · Cited by 8,490
Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis
Blüher, M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8 · Cited by 5,126
Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries
Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x · Cited by 4,313
Self-citationEuropean guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary
Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Boysen, G., Burell, G. K., Cífková, R., Dallongeville, J., Backer, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Gjelsvik, B., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 · Cited by 3,865
The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Malik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Després, J.-P., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health (V.S.M., F.B.H.), and Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School (F.B.H.), Boston, Mass; Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada (J.P.D.); Dietary Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La (G.A.B.); and Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of...
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2010-03-23
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1356-1364
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC2862465
- OpenAlex
- W2043947812
- Cited by
- 1,641
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 163 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 114 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 10.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Abbott Laboratories
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06)
- Pfizer Canada
- Eli Lilly Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES010126)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24 HD-050924)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk, added sugars, high fructose corn syrup, fructose, glycemic load, insulin resistance, inflammation, weight gain, energy intake, health care costs, obesity prevention, dietary recommendations, American Heart Association scientific statement, chronic disease burden, low- and middle-income countries
- MeSH terms
- Beverages, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, World Health Organization, Dietary Sucrose, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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