Neural Evidence of Statistical Learning: Efficient Detection of Visual Regularities Without Awareness
Open accessAbstract
Our environment contains regularities distributed in space and time that can be detected by way of statistical learning. This unsupervised learning occurs without intent or awareness, but little is known about how it relates to other types of learning, how it affects perceptual processing, and how quickly it can occur. Here we use fMRI during statistical learning to explore these questions. Participants viewed statistically structured versus unstructured sequences of shapes while performing a task unrelated to the structure. Robust neural responses to statistical structure were observed, and these responses were notable in four ways: First, responses to structure were observed in the striatum and medial temporal lobe, suggesting that statistical learning may be related to other forms of associative learning and relational memory. Second, statistical regularities yielded greater activation in category-specific visual regions (object-selective lateral occipital cortex and word-selective ventral occipito-temporal cortex), demonstrating that these regions are sensitive to information distributed in time. Third, evidence of learning emerged early during familiarization, showing that statistical learning can operate very quickly and with little exposure. Finally, neural signatures of learning were dissociable from subsequent explicit familiarity, suggesting that learning can occur in the absence of awareness. Overall, our findings help elucidate the underlying nature of statistical learning.
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PP makes opposite predictions depending on whether activity represents the transmission of sensory predictions (enhanced activity) or the integration of these predictions with bottom-up activity in prediction error units (reduced activity).
“PP makes opposite predictions depending on whether activity represents the transmission of sensory predictions 49 , 82 , 97 , 114 , 115 (enhanced activity) or the integration of these predictions with bottom‐up activity in prediction error units (reduced activity).”
From Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception (2020) · cites this paper as [97]
The Discussion section, “Statistical Learning and Perception” (page unavailable), reports stronger visual-cortex responses to statistically structured stimuli. It does not identify those responses as the transmission of sensory predictions or set out the claimed contrast with reduced activity in prediction-error units; it also offers attentional enhancement as an alternative explanation. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Turk-Browne, N. B., Scholl, B. J., Chun, M. M., & Johnson, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2009-10-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1934-1945
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- PMC
- PMC2773825
- OpenAlex
- W2107135123
- Cited by
- 523
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG009253, AG 09253, R37AG009253)
- National Eye Institute (EY 014193, R01EY014193, P30EY000785)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- statistical learning, visual regularity, striatum, medial temporal lobe, associative learning, relational memory, lateral occipital cortex, ventral occipitotemporal cortex, implicit learning, awareness, familiarity, sequence learning, functional MRI
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Association Learning, Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
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