Sleep-dependent consolidation of statistical learning.
Open accessAbstract
The importance of sleep for memory consolidation has been firmly established over the past decade. Recent work has extended this by suggesting that sleep is also critical for the integration of disparate fragments of information into a unified schema, and for the abstraction of underlying rules. The question of which aspects of sleep play a significant role in integration and abstraction is, however, currently unresolved. Here, we examined the role of sleep in abstraction of the implicit probabilistic structure in sequential stimuli using a statistical learning paradigm, and tested for its role in such abstraction by searching for a predictive relationship between the type of sleep obtained and subsequent performance improvements using polysomnography. In our experiments, participants were exposed to a series of tones in a probabilistically determined sequential structure, and subsequently tested for recognition of novel short sequences adhering to this same statistical pattern in both immediate- and delayed-recall sessions. Participants who consolidated over a night of sleep improved significantly more than those who consolidated over an equivalent period of daytime wakefulness. Similarly, participants who consolidated across a 4-h afternoon delay containing a nap improved significantly more than those who consolidated across an equivalent period without a nap. Importantly, polysomnography revealed a significant correlation between the level of improvement and the amount of slow-wave sleep obtained. We also found evidence of a time-based consolidation process which operates alongside sleep-specific consolidation. These results demonstrate that abstraction of statistical patterns benefits from sleep, and provide the first clear support for the role of slow-wave sleep in this consolidation.
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Sleep not only quantitatively strengthens memory, but also qualitatively transforms past memory traces in a way that may help respond to similar events in the future.
“Yet critically, sleep not only quantitatively strengthens memory, but also qualitatively transforms past memory traces in a way that may help us respond to similar events in the future.”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In adults performing a statistical learning task, sleep promotes abstraction of probabilistic regularities in tone sequences, associated with increased SWS during postlearning sleep.
“Similarly, in adults performing on a statistical learning task, sleep promoted the abstraction of probabilistic regularities in tone sequences, with this effect being associated with increased SWS during postlearning sleep (337).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [337]
Sleep-enhancing effect of statistical learning is accompanied by a shift in brain activation from medial temporal lobe to striatum.
“Similarly, the sleep-enhancing effect of statistical learning (337) was accompanied by a shift in brain activation from the medial temporal lobe to the striatum (336).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [337]
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Schema-conformant memories are preferentially consolidated during REM sleep
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Self-citationSleep smart—optimizing sleep for declarative learning and memory
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Caveats on psychological models of sleep and memory: A compass in an overgrown scenario
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Sleep Underpins the Plasticity of Language Production
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PPM-Decay: A computational model of auditory prediction with memory decay
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Sleep Does Not Promote Solving Classical Insight Problems and Magic Tricks
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Schematic memories develop quickly, but are not expressed unless necessary
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Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules
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The Role of Sleep in Human Declarative Memory Consolidation
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Functional differences between statistical learning with and without explicit trainingPreprint
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What sticks after statistical learning: The persistence of implicit versus explicit memory traces
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Concurrent Statistical Learning of Adjacent and Nonadjacent Dependencies
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Sleep facilitates generalisation of accent adaptation to a new talker
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Cross-modal transfer of statistical information benefits from sleep
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Self-citationSleep spindles provide indirect support to the consolidation of emotional encoding contexts
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Self-citationGroch, S., Preiss, A., McMakin, D. L., Rasch, B., Walitza, S., Huber, R., & Wilhelm, I. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1912-16.2017 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Increasing Explicit Sequence Knowledge by Odor Cueing during Sleep in Men but not Women
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Distinctions in the Acquisition of Vocabulary and Grammar: An Individual Differences Approach
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The Effect of Sleep on Children's Word Retention and Generalization
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The impact of sleep on novel concept learning
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The effects of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation in producing false memories
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Emergy evaluation of DNA and culture in ‘information cycles’
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A systematic and meta-analytic review of the impact of sleep restriction on memory formation
Crowley, R., Alderman, E., Javadi, A., & Tamminen, J. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105929 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dissociable behavioural outcomes of visual statistical learning
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Comparing the Effects of Sleep and Rest on Memory Consolidation
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Sounding it out: auditory stimulation and overnight memory processing
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Self-citationCross-situational statistical learning in children with developmental language disorder
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Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep’s Function on Memory and Cognition
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Spared and impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation in schizophrenia
Baran, B., Correll, D., Vuper, T. C., Morgan, A., Durrant, S. J., Manoach, D. S., & Stickgold, R. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory Transformation Enhances Reinforcement Learning in Dynamic Environments
Santoro, A., Frankland, P. W., & Richards, B. A. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0763-16.2016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Divided attention does not affect the acquisition and consolidation of transitional probabilities
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Cross-modal prediction changes the timing of conscious access during the motion-induced blindness
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Memory Engrams in the Neocortex
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Incubation, not sleep, aids problem-solving
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Failure to consolidate statistical learning in developmental dyslexia
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Self-citationHippocampal Contributions to Declarative Memory Consolidation During Sleep
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Sleep Enhances Consolidation of Memory Traces for Complex Problem-Solving Skills
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Constructive episodic simulation in dreams
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Rule Abstraction Is Facilitated by Auditory Cuing in REM Sleep
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Self-citationMechanisms of Memory Retrieval in Slow-Wave Sleep
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Self-citationSemantic Advantage for Learning New Phonological Form Representations
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Examining the effects of time of day and sleep on generalization
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Hennies, N., Lewis, P. A., Durrant, S. J., Cousins, J. N., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationThe benefit of offline sleep and wake for novel object recognition
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Daytime sleep has no effect on the time course of motor sequence and visuomotor adaptation learning
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Slow Oscillation–Spindle Coupling Predicts Sequence-Based Language Learning
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Sleep enhances a spatially mediated generalization of learned valuesPreprint
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Sleep facilitates long-term face adaptation
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Cued Memory Reactivation During SWS Abolishes the Beneficial Effect of Sleep on Abstraction
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Self-citationMusical instrument familiarity affects statistical learning of tone sequences
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Investigating the formation and consolidation of incidentally learned trust.
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Memory reactivations during sleep
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Sleep on your memory traces: How sleep effects can be explained by Act–In, a functional memory model
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- Authors
- Durrant, S. J., Taylor, C., Cairney, S., & Lewis, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Durrant, Simon J.
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1322-1331
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1989151906
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F003048/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, statistical learning, slow-wave sleep, probabilistic structure, sequence recognition, napping, polysomnography, implicit learning, schema integration
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Probability, Reaction Time, Serial Learning, Sleep, Time Factors, Polysomnography, Young Adult
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