3-Chlorotyrosine, a specific marker of myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation, is markedly elevated in low density lipoprotein isolated from human atherosclerotic intima.
Open accessAbstract
Oxidation of LDL may be of pivotal importance in atherogenesis, but the mechanisms that promote oxidation in vivo remain poorly understood. We have explored the possibility that one pathway involves myeloperoxidase, a heme protein secreted by phagocytes. Myeloperoxidase is the only human enzyme known to generate hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a potent oxidizing agent, at physiological halide concentrations. LDL exposed to the complete myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- system underwent chlorination of its protein tyrosyl residues. Treatment of LDL with reagent HOCl resulted in 3-chlorotyrosine formation, implicating HOCl as an intermediate in the enzymatic reaction pathway. In contrast, 3-chlorotyrosine was undetectable in LDL oxidized by hydroxyl radical, copper, iron, hemin, glucose, peroxynitrite, horseradish peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, or lipoxygenase. These results indicate that 3-chlorotyrosine is a specific marker for LDL oxidation by myeloperoxidase. To address the role of myeloperoxidase in promoting LDL oxidation in vivo, we used stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify 3-chlorotyrosine in human aortic tissue and in LDL isolated from atherosclerotic lesions. The level of 3-chlorotyrosine in atherosclerotic tissue obtained during vascular surgery was sixfold higher than that of normal aortic intima. Moreover, the level of 3-chlorotyrosine was 30-fold higher in LDL isolated from atherosclerotic intima compared with circulating LDL. The detection of 3-chlorotyrosine in human atherosclerotic lesions indicates that halogenation reactions catalyzed by the myeloperoxidase system of phagocytes constitute one pathway for protein oxidation in vivo. These findings raise the possibility that the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- system plays a critical role in converting LDL into an atherogenic form.
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Chlorinated proteins and lipids are present in atherosclerotic plaques.
“Furthermore, chlorinated proteins and lipids are present in atherosclerotic plaques (90, 415, 621).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [415]
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- Authors
- Hazen, S. L., & Heinecke, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1997-05-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2075-2081
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC508036
- OpenAlex
- W2075034126
- Cited by
- 842
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 18.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Institutes of Health (5p41rr000954-34, 5r01ag012293-05)
- National Institute on Aging (AG12293)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 00954)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Keywords
- 3-chlorotyrosine, myeloperoxidase, LDL oxidation, hypochlorous acid, atherosclerosis, aortic intima, phagocyte oxidative metabolism, atherogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Aorta, Apolipoproteins B, Arteriosclerosis, Chlorine, Humans, Hypochlorous Acid, Lipoproteins, Lipoproteins, LDL, Peroxidase, Oxidation-Reduction, Phagocytes, Tyrosine, Biomarkers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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