Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean?
Open accessAbstract
Free radicals and other reactive species (RS) are thought to play an important role in many human diseases. Establishing their precise role requires the ability to measure them and the oxidative damage that they cause. This article first reviews what is meant by the terms free radical, RS, antioxidant, oxidative damage and oxidative stress. It then critically examines methods used to trap RS, including spin trapping and aromatic hydroxylation, with a particular emphasis on those methods applicable to human studies. Methods used to measure oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins and methods used to detect RS in cell culture, especially the various fluorescent "probes" of RS, are also critically reviewed. The emphasis throughout is on the caution that is needed in applying these methods in view of possible errors and artifacts in interpreting the results.
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Many assays in the sports science literature are fundamentally ill suited to deciphering whether a compound with antioxidant activity is actually acting as an antioxidant.
“Unfortunately, many of the assays in the sports science literature merely serve to create confusion as they are fundamentally ill suited to deciphering whether a compound with antioxidant activity is actually acting as an antioxidant.”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [156]
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SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ASCORBATE FREE RADICAL*
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Self-citationEvidence for roles of radicals in protein oxidation in advanced human atherosclerotic plaque
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Self-citationInteraction of vitamin C and vitamin E during free radical stress in plasma: An ESR study
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Visualizing Superoxide Production in Normal and Diabetic Rat Islets of Langerhans
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Self-citationExtensive tyrosine nitration in human myocardial inflammation
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Why and how should we measure oxidative DNA damage in nutritional studies? How far have we come?
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Myeloperoxidase produces nitrating oxidants in vivo
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Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Urine: Implications for Antioxidant Defense and Redox Regulation
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The Pickering Lecture British Hypertension Society, 10th September 2002
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Fruit Polyphenolics and Brain Aging
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Self-citationDiastereoselective reduction of protein‐bound methionine sulfoxide by methionine sulfoxide reductase
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A Reassessment of the Peroxynitrite Scavenging Activity of Uric Acid
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Products of the isoprostane pathway: unique bioactive compounds and markers of lipid peroxidation
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Vitamin C: poison, prophylactic or panacea?
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8-Nitroguanosine formation in viral pneumonia and its implication for pathogenesis
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Chemistry-based studies on oxidative DNA damage: formation, repair, and mutagenesis
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Hypochlorous Acid-Induced Base Modifications in Isolated Calf Thymus DNA
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Chemiluminescent Detection of Oxidants in Vascular Tissue
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Self-citationComet assay and early apoptosis
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Peripheral F2‐isoprostanes and F4‐neuroprostanes are not increased in Alzheimer's disease
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Quantitative analysis of gene-specific DNA damage in human spermatozoa
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Self-citationNoninvasive detection of hydroxyl radical generation in lung by diesel exhaust particles
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2‐Oxo‐histidine as a novel biological marker for oxidatively modified proteins
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Increased carbonyl content of proteins in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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The cytotoxicity of dopamine may be an artefact of cell culture
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Self-citationRaised levels of F2-isoprostanes and prostaglandin F2α in different rheumatic diseases
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Salicylate hydroxylation as an early marker of in vivo oxidative stress in diabetic patients
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Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Diabetic Vasculopathies: The Role of Alpha Tocopherol Therapy
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EPR Detection of Free Radicals in UV‐lrradiated Skin: Mouse Versus Human
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Urinary isoprostane excretion is not confounded by the lipid content of the diet
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[6] Detection of hydroxyl radicals by aromatic hydroxylation
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Self-citationCircadian variation in oxidative stress markers in healthy and type II diabetic men
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Oxidative DNA damage in human white blood cells in dietary antioxidant intervention studies
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Iron and 8-isoprostane levels in acute and chronic wounds
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Reactive carbonyl formation by oxidative and non-oxidative pathways
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Spin traps: in vitro toxicity and stability of radical adducts
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Free Radicals: Biology and Detection by Spin Trapping
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Oxidized fat in the diet, postprandial lipaemia and cardiovascular disease
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A review of approaches to the analysis of 3-nitrotyrosine
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Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now?
Halliwell, B. (2006) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03907.x · Cited by 2,614 · see citing works
Self-citationReactive Species and Antioxidants. Redox Biology Is a Fundamental Theme of Aerobic Life
Halliwell, B. B. (2006) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.106.077073 · Cited by 2,402 · see citing works
Self-citationFluorescence probes used for detection of reactive oxygen species
Gomes, A., Fernandes, E., & Lima, J. L. F. C. (2005) · Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.10.003 · Cited by 1,844 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress, Prooxidants, and Antioxidants: The Interplay
Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., & Dhama, K. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/761264 · Cited by 1,730 · see citing works
Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage in Human Disease
Dalle-Donne, I., Rossi, R., Colombo, R., Giustarini, D., & Milzani, A. (2006) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.061408 · Cited by 1,703 · see citing works
Biochemistry of oxidative stress
Halliwell, B. B. (2007) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0351147 · Cited by 1,546 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of ROS Using Oxidized DCFDA and Flow-Cytometry
Eruslanov, E. B., & Kusmartsev, S. A. (2009) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-411-1_4 · Cited by 1,348 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and cancer: Have we moved forward?
Halliwell, B. (2007) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20061131 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Self-citationThe antioxidant properties of serum albumin
Roche, M., Rondeau, P., Singh, N. R., Tarnus, E., & Bourdon, E. (2008) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.057 · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
Does the Interdependence between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Explain the Antioxidant Paradox?
Biswas, S. K. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/5698931 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Apak, R., Özyürek, M., Güçlü, K., & Çapanoğlu, E. (2016) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04739 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction
Chapple, I., & Matthews, J. B. (2007) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00178.x · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view
Halliwell, B. B. (2012) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00476.x · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Self-citationOxidative stress and male infertility
Bisht, S., Faiq, M. A., Tolahunase, M., & Dada, R. (2017) · Nature reviews. Urology · doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.69 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Limbach, L. K., Wick, P., Manser, P., Grass, R. N., Bruinink, A., & Stark, W. J. (2007) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es062629t · Cited by 890 · see citing works
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Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans
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- Authors
- Halliwell, B., & Whiteman, M.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Venue
- British Journal of Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 231-255
- ISSN
- 0007-1188 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5381
- PMC
- PMC1574951
- OpenAlex
- W1977913875
- Cited by
- 2,238
- References
- 385
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 141 · 2012: 134
- FWCI
- 6.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- British Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
- Keywords
- reactive species, free radicals, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, antioxidants, spin trapping, aromatic hydroxylation, fluorescent probes, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, in vivo measurement, cell culture, measurement artifacts
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy, Humans, Predictive Value of Tests, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Cell Culture Techniques
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