The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Influences of Maternal and Paternal PTSD on Epigenetic Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene in Holocaust Survivor Offspring
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Differential effects of maternal and paternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been observed in adult offspring of Holocaust survivors in both glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and vulnerability to psychiatric disorder. The authors examined the relative influences of maternal and paternal PTSD on DNA methylation of the exon 1F promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR-1F) gene (NR3C1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its relationship to glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity in Holocaust offspring. METHOD: Adult offspring with at least one Holocaust survivor parent (N=80) and demographically similar participants without parental Holocaust exposure or parental PTSD (N=15) completed clinical interviews, self-report measures, and biological procedures. Blood samples were collected for analysis of GR-1F promoter methylation and of cortisol levels in response to low-dose dexamethasone, and two-way analysis of covariance was performed using maternal and paternal PTSD as main effects. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to permit visualization of maternal compared with paternal PTSD effects on clinical variables and GR-1F promoter methylation. RESULTS: A significant interaction demonstrated that in the absence of maternal PTSD, offspring with paternal PTSD showed higher GR-1F promoter methylation, whereas offspring with both maternal and paternal PTSD showed lower methylation. Lower GR-1F promoter methylation was significantly associated with greater postdexamethasone cortisol suppression. The clustering analysis revealed that maternal and paternal PTSD effects were differentially associated with clinical indicators and GR-1F promoter methylation. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate alterations of GR-1F promoter methylation in relation to parental PTSD and neuroendocrine outcomes. The moderation of paternal PTSD effects by maternal PTSD suggests different mechanisms for the intergenerational transmission of trauma-related vulnerabilities.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Of the studies investigating specifically NR3C1, four out of six reported higher DNA methylation in offspring after trauma exposure [86,91,95,98]”
From Biological Embedding of Early-Life Adversity and a Scoping Review of the Evidence for Intergenerational Epigenetic Transmission of Stress and Trauma in Humans (2023) · cites this paper as [95]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies of Holocaust survivors and their offspring demonstrate differential DNA methylation of key HPA-axis genes, including NR3C1 and FKBP5, corresponding with variation in glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and cortisol feedback regulation (82, 83).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Functional alterations in cortisol metabolism, including reduced cortisol excretion in survivors and increased activity of cortisol-inactivating enzymes in offspring, have also been described (82, 85).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Across multiple trauma contexts, altered methylation of NR3C1 has been reported, including genocide exposure, childhood maltreatment, and natural disasters (10, 82, 88, 89).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The majority of the studies looked at only maternal transmission, but four considered both maternal and paternal [83,94,95,102], and two focused only on fathers [97,104].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There were six studies of trauma or PTSD following war, including two studies of Holocaust survivors [83,94,95], two studies on the Rwandan genocide [90,91], and one each from the Kosovo War [96] and Vietnam veterans [97].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Across survivor populations and their descendants, research suggests coordinated involvement of stress-response regulation, neurodevelopmental signaling, and behavioral adaptation (7, 82–100).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Divergent patterns have been observed depending on parental PTSD status, with paternal PTSD in the absence of maternal PTSD associated with increased methylation of NR3C1 in offspring, whereas combined maternal and paternal PTSD has been associated with decreased methylation (82).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Many investigations focus on historically defined trauma-exposed populations, including Holocaust survivors, Rwandan genocide survivors, and Alaska Native communities (8, 82, 98).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Differential methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene associated with maternal behavior has been observed in F1 in rodents at Nr3c1 exon 1 7 promoter (16) and in human offspring with parental PTSD at the ortholog NR3C1 exon 1 F promoter (24).”
From Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lower GR 1F promoter methylation was significantly associated with greater GR sensitivity, as indicated by greater post-dexamethasone cortisol suppression.”
From Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [126]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In parallel with the neuroendocrine observations, the results of these analyses indicated a significant interaction of maternal and paternal PTSD on GR gene methylation 126 .”
From Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [126]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This possibility is consistent with clinical, neuroendocrine and epigenetic findings, in which maternal and paternal PTSD predicted different psychiatric and biological outcomes in offspring 28,126 .”
From Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [126]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The interaction demonstrated that, in the absence of maternal PTSD, offspring with paternal PTSD showed higher GR promoter methylation, whereas offspring with both maternal and paternal PTSD showed lower methylation of this promoter region.”
From Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“We recently addressed this issue in PTSD patients and provide evidence suggesting that variation in the methylation of the exon 1F GR promoter associated with PTSD symptoms and predicted treatment outcome.135-137”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [136]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., et al. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0 · Cited by 6,419
Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1276 · Cited by 6,177
Self-citationDevelopment, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale
BERNSTEIN, E. M., & PUTNAM, F. W. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 · Cited by 3,793 · cited 4×
“To assess relevant psychiatric symptoms and early-life experiences, participants also completed measures such as the Beck Depression Inventory (19), the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (20), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (21), the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (22), and the Childhood Trauma Question…”
MethodInfluentialEpigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins
Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., Heine-Suñer, D., Cigudosa, J. C., Urioste, M., Benitez, J., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0500398102 · Cited by 3,602
Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse
McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2270 · Cited by 3,531
Self-citationHeim, C. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.5.592 · Cited by 1,968
Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment.
Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430 · Cited by 1,881
Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.3.2.6034 · Cited by 1,432
Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment
Pariante, C. M., & Miller, A. H. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01088-x · Cited by 1,147
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Yehuda, R. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra012941 · Cited by 1,134
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Spielberger CD, 1968, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (S T A I): Test Manual for Form X
- Dias A, Eur J Psychotraumatol
- Yehuda R, Biol Psychiatry
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Post-traumatic stress disorder.
Yehuda, R., Hoge, C. W., McFarlane, A. C., Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A., Nievergelt, C. M., Hobfoll, S. E., Koenen, K. C., Neylan, T. C., & Hyman, S. E. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.57 · Cited by 870
Self-citationTurecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.022 · Cited by 796
Self-citationHolocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation
Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Bierer, L. M., Bader, H. N., Klengel, T., Holsboer, F., & Binder, E. B. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005 · Cited by 782
Self-citationTransgenerational epigenetic programming via sperm microRNA recapitulates effects of paternal stress
Rodgers, A. B., Morgan, C. P., Leu, N. A., & Bale, T. L. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1508347112 · Cited by 751
Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms
Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20568 · Cited by 730
Self-citationPathogenesis of depression: Insights from human and rodent studies
Ménard, C., Hodes, G. E., & Russo, S. J. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.053 · Cited by 593
Intergenerational Transmission of Stress in Humans
Bowers, M. E., & Yehuda, R. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.247 · Cited by 596
Self-citationTransformative Service Research
Anderson, L., & Ostrom, A. L. (2015) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670515591316 · Cited by 485
The Role of the Epididymis and the Contribution of Epididymosomes to Mammalian Reproduction
James, E. R., Carrell, D. T., Aston, K. I., Jenkins, T. G., Yeste, M., & Salas‐Huetos, A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21155377 · Cited by 357
DNA Methylation Biomarkers: Cancer and Beyond
Mikeska, T., & Craig, J. M. (2014) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes5030821 · Cited by 299
Prenatal Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Developmental Programming of the Stress Response
McGowan, P. O., & Matthews, S. G. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00896 · Cited by 278
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD: Pathophysiology and treatment interventions
Dunlop, B. W., & Wong, A. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.010 · Cited by 271
Parental Advisory: Maternal and Paternal Stress Can Impact Offspring Neurodevelopment
Chan, J. C., Nugent, B. M., & Bale, T. L. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.005 · Cited by 241
Palma-Gudiel, H., Córdova-Palomera, A., Eixarch, E., Deuschle, M., & Fañanás, L. (2015) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2015.1088630 · Cited by 240
Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function
Anacker, C., O'Donnell, K. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.3/canacker · Cited by 237
Self-citationBryant, R. A., Edwards, B., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D., Steel, Z., Nickerson, A., McFarlane, A. C., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30051-3 · Cited by 251
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Fear Generalization, and Stress
Besnard, A., & Sahay, A. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.167 · Cited by 245
Chan, J. C., Morgan, C. P., Leu, N. A., Shetty, A. C., Cissé, Y. M., Nugent, B. M., Morrison, K. E., Jašarević, E., Huang, W., Kanyuch, N., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15305-w · Cited by 230
Epigenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder: current evidence, challenges, and future directions
Zannas, A. S., Provençal, N., & Binder, E. B. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.003 · Cited by 218
Parental Adverse Childhood Experiences and Offspring Development at 2 Years of Age
Folger, A. T., Eismann, E. A., Stephenson, N. B., Shapiro, R. A., Macaluso, M., Brownrigg, M. E., & Gillespie, R. J. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2826 · Cited by 212
Dashorst, P., Mooren, T. M., Kleber, R. J., de Jong, P. J., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1654065 · Cited by 207
The neural mechanisms and consequences of paternal caregiving
Feldman, R., Braun, K., & Champagne, F. A. (2019) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0124-6 · Cited by 181
Ross, D. A., Arbuckle, M. R., Travis, M. J., Dwyer, J. B., van Schalkwyk, G. I., & Ressler, K. J. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3325 · Cited by 171
Conching, A., & Thayer, Z. M. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.001 · Cited by 187
Maternal PTSD associates with greater glucocorticoid sensitivity in offspring of Holocaust survivors
Lehrner, A., Bierer, L. M., Passarelli, V., Pratchett, L. C., Flory, J. D., Bader, H. N., Harris, I. R., Bedi, A., Daskalakis, N. P., Makotkine, I., et al. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.019 · Cited by 160
Self-citationDevelopment and the epigenome: the ‘synapse’ of gene–environment interplay
Boyce, W. T., & Kobor, M. S. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12282 · Cited by 160
The Trauma Lens of Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Bryant‐Davis, T., Adams, T., Alejandre, A., & Gray, A. A. (2017) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12251 · Cited by 150
The preconception environment and sperm epigenetics
Marcho, C., Oluwayiose, O. A., & Pilsner, J. R. (2020) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12753 · Cited by 153
The epigenetic impacts of social stress: how does social adversity become biologically embedded?
Cunliffe, V. T. (2016) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2016-0075 · Cited by 141
Dierkhising, C. B., Ford, J. D., Branson, C. E., Grasso, D. J., & Lee, R. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.022 · Cited by 141
Scorza, P., Duarte, C. S., Hipwell, A. E., Posner, J. E., Ortin‐Peralta, A., CANINO, G. J., Monk, C. E., & Outcomes, P. C. F. E. I. O. C. H. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12877 · Cited by 144
Epigenetic programming of the neuroendocrine stress response by adult life stress
Dirven, B. C. J., Homberg, J. R., Kozicz, T., & Henckens, M. J. A. G. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-17-0019 · Cited by 135
Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience
Lehrner, A., & Yehuda, R. (2018) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000302 · Cited by 129
Self-citationRadtke, K. M., Schauer, M., Gunter, H. M., Ruf-Leuschner, M., Sill, J., Meyer, A., & Elbert, T. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.63 · Cited by 128
Cultural trauma and epigenetic inheritance
Lehrner, A. L., & Yehuda, R. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001153 · Cited by 144
Self-citationCowan, C. S. M., Callaghan, B. L., Kan, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2015) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12263 · Cited by 130
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying learning and the inheritance of learned behaviors
Dias, B. G., Maddox, S. A., Klengel, T., & Ressler, K. J. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.003 · Cited by 125
Braun, J. M., Messerlian, C., & Hauser, R. B. (2017) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-017-0098-8 · Cited by 133
Daskalakis, N. P., Cohen, H., Cai, G., Buxbaum, J. D., & Yehuda, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1401660111 · Cited by 124
Self-citationBush, N. R., Wakschlag, L. S., LeWinn, K. Z., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Nozadi, S. S., Pieper, S., Lewis, J. L., Biezonski, D. K., Blair, C., Deardorff, J., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00547 · Cited by 130
Watkeys, O. J., Kremerskothen, K., Quidé, Y., Fullerton, J. M., & Green, M. J. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.017 · Cited by 123
Jablonka, E. (2016) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1002/2059-7932.12012 · Cited by 123
Yeshurun, S., & Hannan, A. J. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0039-z · Cited by 121
Models of Intergenerational and Transgenerational Transmission of Risk for Psychopathology in Mice
Klengel, T., Dias, B. G., & Ressler, K. J. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.249 · Cited by 125
Bockmühl, Y., Patchev, A. V., Madejska, A., Hoffmann, A., Sousa, J. C., Sousa, N., Holsboer, F., Almeida, O. F. X., & Spengler, D. (2015) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2015.1017199 · Cited by 121
Traumatic stress and human DNA methylation: A critical review
Vinkers, C. H., Kalafateli, A. L., Rutten, B. P., Kas, M. J., Kaminsky, Z., Turner, J. D., & Boks, M. P. (2015) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi.15.11 · Cited by 112
Griffiths, B. B., & Hunter, R. G. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.041 · Cited by 117
Abbott, P. W., Gumusoglu, S. B., Bittle, J., Beversdorf, D. Q., & Stevens, H. E. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.01.019 · Cited by 109
Daskalakis, N. P., & Yehuda, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00369 · Cited by 108
Self-citationDaskalakis, N. P., Cohen, H., Nievergelt, C. M., Baker, D. G., Buxbaum, J. D., Russo, S. J., & Yehuda, R. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.024 · Cited by 105
Self-citationGlucocorticoids and Hippocampal Structure and Function in PTSD
Szeszko, P. R., Lehrner, A. L., & Yehuda, R. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000188 · Cited by 112
Self-citationImpact of Parental Exposure on Offspring Health in Humans
Jawaid, A., Jehle, K.-L., & Mansuy, I. M. (2020) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2020.10.006 · Cited by 110
Liu, P. Z., & Nusslock, R. (2017) · Current Genomics · doi:10.2174/1389202919666171228164350 · Cited by 111
Multigenerational legacies of trauma: Modeling the what and how of transmission.
Danieli, Y., Norris, F. H., & Engdahl, B. E. (2016) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000145 · Cited by 119
Early-life adversity and long-term neurobehavioral outcomes: epigenome as a bridge?
Vaiserman, A. M., & Koliada, A. K. (2017) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-017-0129-z · Cited by 99
A review of epigenetic contributions to post-traumatic stress disorder
Howie, J. H., Rijal, C. M., & Ressler, K. J. (2019) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2019.21.4/kressler · Cited by 103
Rodgers, A. B., & Bale, T. L. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.018 · Cited by 91
Matheson, K., Seymour, A. M., Landry, J., Ventura, K., Arsenault, E., & Anisman, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116455 · Cited by 111
Intergenerational Effects of Maternal Holocaust Exposure on FKBP5 Methylation
Bierer, L. M., Bader, H. N., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A., Provençal, N., Wiechmann, T., Klengel, T., Makotkine, I., Binder, E. B., & Yehuda, R. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19060618 · Cited by 86
Self-citationGenetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder -what do we know?
Castro-Vale, I., van Rossum, E. F. C., Machado, J. C., Mota-Cardoso, R., & Carvalho, D. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.005 · Cited by 85
Programming the Brain and Behaviour by Early‐Life Stress: A Focus on Neuroactive Steroids
Brunton, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12265 · Cited by 88
Matosin, N., Cruceanu, C., & Binder, E. B. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017710764 · Cited by 92
Nutrition and its role in epigenetic inheritance of obesity and diabetes across generations
Kaspar, D., Hastreiter, S., Irmler, M., de Angelis, M. H., & Beckers, J. (2020) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-020-09839-z · Cited by 87
Schechter, D. S., Moser, D. A., Paoloni‐Giacobino, A., Stenz, L., Gex‐Fabry, M., Aue, T., Adouan, W., Cordero, M. I., Suardi, F., Manini, A., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00690 · Cited by 83
Early origins of mental disorder - risk factors in the perinatal and infant period
Newman, L. K., Judd, F. K., Olsson, C. A., Castle, D. J., Bousman, C., Sheehan, P. M., Pantelis, C., Craig, J. M., Komiti, A., & Everall, I. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0982-7 · Cited by 80
Karanikas, E., Daskalakis, N. P., & Agorastos, A. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11060723 · Cited by 78
Self-citationMisiak, B., Szmida, E., Karpiński, P., Loska, O., Sąsiadek, M. M., & Frydecka, D. (2015) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi.15.68 · Cited by 77
Developmental programming of the HPA axis and related behaviours: epigenetic mechanisms
Matthews, S. G., & McGowan, P. O. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-19-0057 · Cited by 85
Race in an epigenetic time: thinking biology in the plural
Meloni, M. (2017) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12248 · Cited by 80
Morgan, C. P., Chan, J. C., & Bale, T. L. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.007 · Cited by 74
Post, R. M. (2016) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12401 · Cited by 78
Epigenetics and the glucocorticoid receptor: A review of the implications in depression
Farrell, C. M., & O’Keane, V. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.022 · Cited by 78
Brewerton, T. D. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00696-6 · Cited by 76
Bhushan, D., Kotz, K. J., McCall, J., Wirtz, S., Gilgoff, R., Dube, S. R., Powers, C., Olson-Morgan, J., Galeste, M., Patterson, K., et al. (2020) · doi:10.48019/peam8812 · Cited by 79
How are social determinants of health integrated into epigenetic research? A systematic review
Evans, L. A., Engelman, M., Mikulas, A., & Malecki, K. M. C. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113738 · Cited by 73
Mehta, D., Miller, O., Bruenig, D., David, G., & Shakespeare‐Finch, J. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22472 · Cited by 66
Maternal sensitivity and the empathic brain: Influences of early life maltreatment
Mielke, E. L., Neukel, C., Bertsch, K., Reck, C., Möhler, E., & Herpertz, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.013 · Cited by 64
O’Donnell, K. J., Chen, L., MacIsaac, J. L., McEwen, L. M., Nguyen, T. T. T., Beckmann, K., Zhu, Y., Chen, L. R., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., Goldman, D. A., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0063-9 · Cited by 67
Self-citationBlaze, J., & Roth, T. L. (2015) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.004 · Cited by 64
Yeshurun, S., Short, A. K., Bredy, T. W., Pang, T. Y., & Hannan, A. J. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.013 · Cited by 60
Epigenetic alterations associated with war trauma and childhood maltreatment
Ramo‐Fernández, L., Schneider, A., Wilker, S., & Kolassa, I. (2015) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2200 · Cited by 59
Addressing mental health in patients and providers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Werner, E. A., Aloisio, C. E., Butler, A. D., D’Antonio, K., Kenny, J. M., Mitchell, A., Ona, S., & Monk, C. E. (2020) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151279 · Cited by 59
Prenatal programming of stress responsiveness and behaviours: Progress and perspectives
Hamada, H., & Matthews, S. G. (2018) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12674 · Cited by 65
Discrimination Exposure and DNA Methylation of Stress-Related Genes in Latina Mothers
Junior, H. P. D. O. S., Nephew, B. C., Bhattacharya, A., Tan, X. M., Smith, L., Alyamani, R. A. S., Martin, E. M., Perreira, K. M., Fry, R. C., & Murgatroyd, C. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.014 · Cited by 58
Zhou, A., & Ryan, J. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14081639 · Cited by 57
“Yehuda, 2014 [95] 80 adult offspring (conceived after trauma) and 15 matched controls.”
BackgroundInfluentialWhole-genome DNA methylation status associated with clinical PTSD measures of OIF/OEF veterans
Hammamieh, R., Chakraborty, N., Gautam, A., Muhie, S., Yang, R., Donohue, D., Kumar, R., Daigle, B. J., Zhang, Y., Amara, D. A., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.129 · Cited by 57
Self-citationBelsky, J., & Shalev, I. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000900 · Cited by 58
Zaidan, H., & Gaisler‐Salomon, I. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.013 · Cited by 55
Sex‐specific plasticity across generations I: Maternal and paternal effects on sons and daughters
Hellmann, J. K., Bukhari, S. A., Deno, J., & Bell, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13364 · Cited by 59
Epigenetic perpetuation of the impact of early life stress on behavior
Janusek, L. W., Tell, D., & Mathews, H. L. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.01.004 · Cited by 54
Meta-analysis reveals glucocorticoid levels reflect variation in metabolic rate, not ‘stress’
Jimeno, B., & Verhulst, S. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88205 · Cited by 52
Hjort, L., Rushiti, F., Wang, S.-J., Fransquet, P., P Krasniqi, S., I Çarkaxhiu, S., Arifaj, D., Xhemaili, V. D., Salihu, M., A Leku, N., et al. (2021) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2021-0015 · Cited by 51
Stenson, A. F., van Rooij, S. J. H., Carter, S. E., Powers, A. D., & Jovanović, T. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113017 · Cited by 53
Epigenetic regulation of brain development, plasticity, and response to early-life stress
Peña, C. J. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02179-z · Cited by 56
The Intergenerational Effects of Early Adversity
Galler, J. R., & Rabinowitz, D. G. (2014) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800977-2.00007-3 · Cited by 53
The public reception of putative epigenetic mechanisms in the transgenerational effects of trauma
Yehuda, R., Lehrner, A. L., & Bierer, L. M. (2018) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/eep/dvy018 · Cited by 51
Self-citationTransgenerational inheritance of ethanol preference is caused by maternal NPF repression
Bozler, J., Kacsoh, B. Z., & Bosco, G. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.45391 · Cited by 51
Maternal Interpersonal Trauma and Child Social‐Emotional Development: An Intergenerational Effect
Folger, A. T., Putnam, K. T., Putnam, F. W., Peugh, J., Eismann, E. A., Sa, T., Shapiro, R. A., Ginkel, J. B. V., & Ammerman, R. T. (2017) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12341 · Cited by 57
Gumpp, A. M., Boeck, C., Behnke, A., Bach, A. M., Ramo‐Fernández, L., Welz, T., Gündel, H., Kolassa, I., & Karabatsiakis, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2005885117 · Cited by 49
Tambelli, R., Cimino, S., Cerniglia, L., & Ballarotto, G. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep13984 · Cited by 54
Metadata
- Authors
- Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., Bader, H. N., Makotkine, I., Flory, J. D., Bierer, L. M., & Meaney, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- From the James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y.; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal; and the Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.
- Corresponding author
- Yehuda, Rachel
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 872-880
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC4127390
- OpenAlex
- W2137209519
- Cited by
- 514
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 14
- FWCI
- 55.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000067)
- National Institute of Mental Health (RC1MH088101)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000071)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, Holocaust survivors, glucocorticoid receptor, NR3C1, DNA methylation, intergenerational trauma, maternal PTSD, cortisol suppression, dexamethasone, glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity, neuroendocrine function
- MeSH terms
- Dexamethasone, Fathers, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Male, Middle Aged, Mothers, Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Case-Control Studies, Child of Impaired Parents, Survivors, Holocaust, DNA Methylation, Adult Children, Heredity, Epigenesis, Genetic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
