A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach
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Cyberbullying has become a critical social issue, which severely threatens children and adolescents’ physical and psychological health. The current research systematically examined the predictors of cyberbullying from the social cognitive and media effects approach. Specifically, this study identified 16 predictors of cyberbullying perpetration and victimization and examined the magnitude of the effects of these predictors by meta-analyzing 81 empirical studies, which represented a total sample of 99,741 participants and yielded 259 independent correlations. The results revealed that risky information and communications technology (ICT) use, moral disengagement, depression, social norms, and traditional bullying perpetration were the main predictors of cyberbullying perpetration, while risky ICT use and traditional bullying victimization were the major contributors of cyberbullying victimization. According to the moderator analyses, country of the sample, sampling method, age, and media platform were significant moderators of the relationships between some specific predictors and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Implications for future cyberbullying research were discussed.
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Unregulated family and school climates, as well as unrestricted internet use, were prominent contextual risk factors associated with cyberbullying victimization.
“Unregulated family and school climates, as well as unrestricted internet use, were prominent contextual risk factors associated with cyberbullying victimization64,71–73.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
The Cyberbullying victimization results (page unavailable) link risky ICT use and more frequent ICT use to victimization, and report small negative associations for parental interaction and mediation. They do not assess an unregulated school climate as a victimization risk factor. Calling all these factors “prominent” also overstates the small associations for parental factors and frequency of use. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTraditional bullying victimization and perpetration are both significantly associated with increased cyberbullying victimization.
“Additionally, traditional bullying victimization and perpetration are both significantly associated with increased cyberbullying victimization28,73, and as negative school climates facilitate traditional bullying, it can indirectly have a further heightening effect on the risk of cyberbullying victimization.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
Increased internet and digital media use has a small but significant association with higher cyberbullying victimization rates.
“A small but significant association was observed between increased internet and digital media use and higher cyberbullying victimization rates across seven meta-analyses37,67,73,82,99,104,127.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
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- Authors
- Chen, L., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Liang
- Venue
- New Media & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-03-09
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1194-1213
- ISSN
- 1461-4448 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7315
- OpenAlex
- W2340989509
- Cited by
- 440
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- New Media & Society (publishedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, cyberbullying perpetration, cyber victimization, socio-cognitive approach, moral disengagement, depression, social norms, traditional bullying, children and adolescents
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