Self-conscious emotions and depression: rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive

Orth, Ulrich; Berking, Matthias; Burkhardt, Simone

doi:10.1177/0146167206292958

Cited by 260Emotions and Moral BehaviorAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesForgiveness and Related Behaviors

Self-conscious emotions and depression: rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive

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Orth, Ulrich, Berking, Matthias, Burkhardt, Simone·2006·Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

DOI 10.1177/0146167206292958

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Abstract

Feelings of shame and guilt are factors associated with depression. However, studies simultaneously investigating shame and guilt suggest that only shame has a strong unique effect, although it is not yet clear which psychological processes cause shame and not shame-free guilt to be related to depression. The authors hypothesized that shame, in contrast to guilt, elicits rumination, which then leads to depression. Therefore, in this study we investigated event-related shame and guilt, eventrelated rumination, and depression among 149 mothers and fathers following family breakup due to marital separation. Data were analyzed using latent variable modeling. The results confirm that shame but not guilt has a strong unique effect on depression. Moreover, the results show that the effect of shame is substantially mediated by rumination. The results are discussed against the background of self-discrepancies and self-esteem.

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Shame is associated with increased levels of rumination.
“Shame is associated with increased levels of rumination (e.g., Orth et al., 2006)”
From Is Shame Hallucinogenic? (2017) · cites this paper as Orth et al., 2006

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Authors: Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S.
Affiliations: University of Bern (CH)
ORCID: Orth, Ulrich
Berking, Matthias
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 32
Issue: 12
Pages: 1608-1619
ISSN: 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
1552-7433
DOI: 10.1177/0146167206292958
OpenAlex: W2147082585
Cited by: 259
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 8.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Keywords: shame, guilt, rumination, depression, self-conscious emotions, marital separation, family breakup, mediation, self-discrepancy, self-esteem, parents
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Attention, Depression, Divorce, Emotions, Family Relations, Fathers, Female, Guilt, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Mothers, Personality Inventory, Self Concept, Shame

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Self-conscious emotions and depression: rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive

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