Cultural Bases for Self-Evaluation: Seeing Oneself Positively in Different Cultural Contexts
Open accessAbstract
Several theories propose that self-esteem, or positive self-regard, results from fulfilling the value priorities of one's surrounding culture. Yet, surprisingly little evidence exists for this assertion, and theories differ about whether individuals must personally endorse the value priorities involved. We compared the influence of four bases for self-evaluation (controlling one's life, doing one's duty, benefitting others, achieving social status) among 4,852 adolescents across 20 cultural samples, using an implicit, within-person measurement technique to avoid cultural response biases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses showed that participants generally derived feelings of self-esteem from all four bases, but especially from those that were most consistent with the value priorities of others in their cultural context. Multilevel analyses confirmed that the bases of positive self-regard are sustained collectively: They are predictably moderated by culturally normative values but show little systematic variation with personally endorsed values.
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Becker et al.'s participants reported that their self-esteem was strongly based on culturally normative sources, and this finding replicated longitudinally.
“Participants reported that their self-esteem was strongly based on sources that were culturally normative, and this finding also replicated longitudinally.”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Becker et al. (2014)
The Discussion reports that bases for self-evaluation varied with normative cultural values and that the results were also found longitudinally, with one exception. The Longitudinal Models section specifies that the predicted cultural moderation for achieving social status was supported only cross-sectionally. Thus, the longitudinal replication was substantial but not complete. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Becker, M., Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Easterbrook, M. J., Brown, R., Smith, P. B., Bond, M. H., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., Brambilla, M., Aldhafri, S., González, R., Carrasco, D., Paz Cadena, M., Lay, S., Schweiger Gallo, I., Torres, A., Camino, L., Özgen, E., Güner, Ü. E., Yamakoğlu, N., Silveira Lemos, F. C., Trujillo, E. V., Balanta, P., Macapagal, M. E. J., Cristina Ferreira, M., Herman, G., de Sauvage, I., Bourguignon, D., Wang, Q., Fülöp, M., Harb, C., Chybicka, A., Mekonnen, K. H., Martin, M., Nizharadze, G., Gavreliuc, A., Buitendach, J., Valk, A., & Koller, S. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Sultan Qaboos University (OM)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (BR)
- Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil
- Yaşar University (TR)
- Bilkent University (TR)
- Federal University of Pará, Brazil
- Universidad de Los Andes (CO)
- Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia
- Ateneo de Manila University (PH)
- Salgado de Oliveira University, Brazil
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
- Université de Lorraine (FR)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HU)
- American University of Beirut (LB)
- University of Gdańsk (PL)
- Addis Ababa University (ET)
- University of Namibia (NA)
- Free University of Tbilisi (GE)
- West University of Timişoara (RO)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- ORCID
- Becker, Maja
- Vignoles, Vivian L.
- Easterbrook, Matthew J.
- Brown, Rupert
- Smith, Peter B.
- Bond, Michael Harris
- Regalia, Camillo
- Manzi, Claudia
- Aldhafri, Said
- Carrasco, Diego
- Lay, Siugmin
- Özgen, Emre
- Trujillo, Elvia Vargas
- Macapagal, Ma. Elizabeth J.
- Herman, Ginette
- Bourguignon, David
- Wang, Qian
- Harb, Charles
- Chybicka, Aneta
- Gavreliuc, Alin
- Buitendach, Johanna
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02-12
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 657-675
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2095308450
- Semantic Scholar
- 500de3d9a07065765fc058dabe113b9721ff9c46
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-062-23-, ES/F04223X/1, RES-062-23-1300)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- self-esteem, self-regard, cultural values, value priorities, adolescents, cross-cultural comparison, reference values, social status, obligation, helping behavior, self-control
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Self Concept
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