Platform Governance Design in Platform Ecosystems: Implications for Complementors’ Multihoming Decision
Open accessAbstract
Extant platform research focuses on how platform owners’ governance behaviors directly affect complementors. This study explicates the multilateral interdependence among different groups of producers within a platform ecosystem. We theorize about how platform owners’ governance design may create frictions between platform providers and complementors. While open governance grants greater autonomy to platform providers, it also cultivates a more complex ecosystem for complementors. Since ecosystem complexity raises the cost of product customization, complementors will be less willing to port an existing complement to a more complex ecosystem, that is, less likely to multihome. The negative effect is weakened as the complementor has greater experience with the destination ecosystem or when the complement exhibits a greater level of modularity. Our analysis of newly launched apps in Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android smartphone ecosystems finds supportive evidence. We discuss implications for the burgeoning literature on platform ecosystems and complementors.
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Multihoming between technologically closer platforms can be less costly.
“It has been argued that multihoming between technologically closer platforms can be less costly (Chen et al. 2022;Srinivasan and Venkatraman 2018).”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Chen et al. 2022
The ease with which a complementor multihomes depends on how technologically similar the target platform's architecture is to that of the complementor's current platform(s).
“Studies have shown that the ease with which a complementor multihomes depends on how technologically similar the target platform's architecture is to that of the complementor's current platform(s) (Chen et al. 2022).”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Chen et al. 2022
Multihoming carries important costs for complementors which tend to increase with the technological distance between platforms and different versions of platform architecture.
“multihoming carries important costs for the complementors (Armstrong and Wright 2007) which tend to increase with the technological distance between platforms and different versions of platform architecture”
From Smart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets (2026) · cites this paper as Chen et al. 2022
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Hunt, R., Townsend, D. M., Simpson, J., Nugent, R., Stallkamp, M., & Bozdag, E. (2024) · The Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2022.0188 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Unpacking the intellectual structure of ecosystem research in innovation studies
Shi, X., Liang, X., & Luo, Y. (2023) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104783 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Decentralization in Organizations: A Revolution or a Mirage?
Reineke, P., Katila, R., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2025) · The Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2022.0206 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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“Eisenmann et al. (2006) and Chen et al. (2022) highlighted the initial success stories of these approaches.”
BackgroundLiu, S., Chen, Y.-X., Yang, D., & Zhao, C. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-02-2024-0138 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The role of platform ecosystem configuration toward performance bifurcation
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Internationalization of Digital Innovations: A Rapidly Evolving Research Stream
Shaheer, N. A., Kim, K.-J., & Li, S. (2022) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2022.100970 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Organization and Governance in Digital Platform Ecosystems: An Information Ecology Approach
Engert, M., Hein, A., Maruping, L. M., Thatcher, J. B., & Krcmar, H. (2024) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2024/18413 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The integrated theory complements the prevailing top-down perspective on platform governance (Chen et al., 2022b; Zhang et al., 2022) by revealing soft power (Nye, 1990) as a normative mechanism that influences the norms and values of complementors.”
InfluentialCompetition and cooperation in a platform-based business ecosystem within complementary partners
Hong, Z., Zhang, Q., Xu, X.-P., & Lyu, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109337 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Culture and social entrepreneurship: the role of value-practice misalignment
Brownell, K. M., Hechavarría, D. M., Robb, C. C., & Kickul, J. R. (2024) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-024-00938-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Using the coefficients generated in our analysis, we conducted a marginal effects analysis (Busenbark et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2022), which yields the marginal probabilities for SSC and PBC cultural dissonance and social entrepreneurial activity by gender, thus offering additional evidence in…”
Platform Owner Entry Into Complementor Spaces Under Different Governance Modes
Kang, H. Y., & Suárez, F. F. (2022) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221094759 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Google pursues an open and laissez-faire governance approach (Chen et al., 2021; Karhu et al., 2018; Parker & Van Alstyne, 2018) in stark contrast to Apple’s.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMarketplace platforms as game changers: Internationalization of smaller enterprises
Singh, N., Munjal, S., & Kundu, S. K. (2023) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2023.101035 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Degen, K., & Gleiss, A. (2025) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-024-00747-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Polidoro, F., & Yang, W. (2024) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3601 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Patrucco, P. P., Trabucchi, D., Buganza, T., Muzellec, L., & Ronteau, S. (2024) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.08.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Parente, R., Rong, K., Shi, X., Kang, Z., & Zhou, D. (2024) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2024.102455 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jiang, G., & Yang, W. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4230200 · Cited by 17
Zhang, R., & Ramesh, B. (2023) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12494 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Exploring SMEs' behavioral intentions of participating in platform-based innovation ecosystems
Wei, F.-F., Feng, N.-P., Xue, J., Zhao, R., & Yang, S. (2021) · Industrial management & data systems · doi:10.1108/imds-08-2020-0456 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zahoor, N., Khan, H., Shamim, S., & Puthusserry, P. N. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2023.3273028 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Plat-forms bring together complementors and users, whereby their input enhances the value of platforms [52], [53] and helps attract users from other countries [54].”
BackgroundChung, H. D., Zhou, Y., & Choi, C. (2024) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3659 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, J., Ning, L.-J., & Gao, Q. (2024) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-12-2023-2709 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Liang, X., Li, G., Ma, J., & Jiang, G. (2024) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-024-09816-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Scholars investigating platform-based business have predominantly embraced governance theory to foster collaboration and mitigate misuse within online platforms [8, 25].”
Clemons, E. K., Waran, R. V., Hermes, S., Schreieck, M., & Krcmar, H. (2022) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-021-00512-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Many apps available on the App Store have equivalent offerings on Google Play, and vice versa (Chen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMultinational platforms and legitimacy spillovers
Li, S.-L., Stallkamp, M., Shaheer, N., & Chen, L. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-024-10004-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The degree of multihoming between platforms varies, depending not only on the choices of complementors, but also on platform governance decisions of MNPs. Notably, some MNPs seek to restrict multihoming for the sake of competitive differ - entiation (Chen et al., 2022b ).”
Self-citationSharing economy companies’ internationalization: A business ecosystem strategy
Thornton, H. C., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2024.102355 · Cited by 13
Gawer, A., & Harracá, M. (2025) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2025.105300 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Jiao, H., Wang, L., & Yang, J.-F. (2023) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102871 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Managing complementors in innovation ecosystems: a typology for generic strategies
Liang, X., Luo, Y., Shao, X., & Shi, X. (2022) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-12-2021-0809 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Abolfathi, N. (2025) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.70016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Firm performance drivers within a dynamic emerging market ecosystem
Viktora-Jones, M., Parente, R., Drori, N., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2023.101119 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Operation decision model in a platform ecosystem for car-sharing service
Cai, J.-H., Jia, L.-S., & Hu, X.-Q. (2023) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2023.101262 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
How optimal distinctiveness shapes platform complementors' adoption of boundary resources
Kang, H. Y., & Grodal, S. (2024) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1501 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Platform enhancers: Collaborating in the early stages of transactional platform development
Trabucchi, D., Falcone, C., Gastaldi, L., Buganza, T., & Mariano Corso, A. (2023) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2023.101779 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ecosystem synergies as drivers of acquisitions
Burford, N. J., Shipilov, A. V., & Furr, N. (2025) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3729 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Appropriability risk and knowledge search on digital platforms
Han, N., Zhang, Y., & Tong, T. W. (2024) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2024.105028 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationFu, H., Xiao, X.-H., & Zhu, H.-M. (2024) · Information Manager (The) · doi:10.1016/j.im.2024.103957 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lei, H., Tang, S., & Zan, A. (2023) · Business Process Management Journal · doi:10.1108/bpmj-03-2023-0163 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Selling the self: Neo-normative control and the platform paradox
Cameron, L. D., Conzon, V. M., & Lam, L. (2025) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2025.100230 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Digital Platform Governance: Literature Review and Research Outlook
Pan, Q., Luo, W., Liu, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10919392.2025.2502325 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Chen et al. (2021) further proposed the idea that digital platforms are based on achieving coordination among complementors at low cost rather than decentralizing decision-making advantages.”
The dynamics, organisation and evolution of digital platforms and ecosystems
Tan, B., Xiao, X., Chau, M., Tan, F. T. C., & Leong, C. (2024) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12548 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Domenico, M. D., Hofman, E., & Schiele, H. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2023.3240300 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Studies on multihoming—both on the users’ side and the complementors’ side—despite increasing in past years [166], [167], [168], [208], [209], are still needed to uncover the full picture.”
BackgroundZhang, Q., Che, Y., Sheng, S., Bai, X., & Li, W. (2025) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-025-00830-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In a platform ecosystem, complementors directly interact and transact with customers, generating a better understanding of customer needs than platform owners (Chen et al., 2022b; Zaborek & Mazur, 2019).”
Does Digital Platform Governance Improve Process Innovation? Evidence from Apple’s Tracking Policies
Wu, W., & Han, W. (2025) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107298 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sheng, L., Wu, J.-L., & Gu, J. (2024) · Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-08-2023-0458 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Success and Failure in Blockchain-Based Interorganizational Ecosystems: A Governance Perspective
Hanisch, M., Roozen, P., & Theodosiadis, V. (2026) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063261420752 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kleinert, S., & Vismara, S. (2026) · Eurasian Business Review · doi:10.1007/s40821-025-00339-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Super apps as digital transaction platforms: What Southeast Asia's Grab tells us
Goggin, G., & Athique, A. M. (2026) · Platforms & Society · doi:10.1177/29768624251412170 · Cited by 6
Multihoming: an internationalization strategy in a world of artificial intelligence ecosystems
Zhou, S., Tang, S., Li, D., & Tong, T. W. (2025) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-025-00813-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationGovernance system design model in platform ecosystems by a socio-technical systems theory
Hanafizadeh, P., & Mehrasa, S. (2025) · Digital Policy Regulation and Governance · doi:10.1108/dprg-04-2025-0105 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dealing with blame in digital ecosystems: The DAO failure in the Ethereum blockchain
Ungureanu, P., Bellesia, F., & Cochis, C. (2025) · Technological forecasting & social change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124096 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sheng, Y., & Cao, Y. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-28186-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Inoue, Y., Takenaka, T., Kasasaku, T., Tamegai, T., & Arai, R. (2023) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-023-00618-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Currently, many researchers are exploring platform ecosystem concepts empirically (e.g., Ceccagnoli et al., 2012; Cennamo & Santaló, 2019; Chen et al., 2022) and theoretically (e.g., Jacobides et al., 2018; Rietveld & Schilling, 2021; Thomas & Ritala, 2022).”
BackgroundShou, Y., Shi, Y., & Ren, G. (2022) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-09-2022-811 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Implications of platform ecosystems on manufacturers’ selling model selection
Feng, L., Chen, X., Jin, M., Li, Y., & Wang, W. (2025) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109638 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Obstacles and strategies in ecosystem governance: a view from the orchestrator side
Lechner, C., Dexheimer, M., Lang, N. S., & Wurzer, C. (2023) · Journal of Strategy and Management · doi:10.1108/jsma-02-2023-0038 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Don’t Look Back? Backward Compatibility in the Video Gaming Industry
Cox, J., Crosby, P., & McKenzie, J. (2022) · Strategy Science · doi:10.1287/stsc.2022.0177 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bai, J., Zha, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, C., & Mavroudi, E. (2025) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2025.104279 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Li, Y., Wu, A.-Q., & Kumar, V. (2025) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2025.101661 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Knowledge-Based Assets in Business Groups: A Dynamic Capabilities View of Complementarity and Rents
Aliyev, M., & Lee, J. Y. (2025) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063251323849 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Digital information-seeking of homebuyers on real estate platforms in Taiwan
Lee, P.-C., & Liu, P. (2025) · Electronic library · doi:10.1108/el-09-2024-0261 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pei, L. (2024) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-03-2023-0102 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Platforms Competition: An Ecosystem-View Analysis Based on Evolutionary Game Theory
Ma, L., Zhao, W., Dong, L.-Z., & Du, Y. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231217847 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In addition, for platform owners, the openness of platform technology will affect the difference of product complexity between hardware manufacturers and complementary product manufacturers (Chen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPlatform based Innovation Ecosystems: Value Network Configuration Perspective
Lähteenmäki, J., & Toyli, J. (2023) · Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.24840/2183-0606_011.001_0004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Some of the related concepts are; the openness of an ecosystem configuration (Nambisan and Baron, 2021; Wang et al., 2020); the types of configuration changes (Eisenmann et al., 2009; Dedehayir et al., 2018), and the structures of ecosystem governance (Chen et al., 2021; Nambisan and Sawhney, 2011).”
BackgroundSmart Timing for Smart Products? Complementor Multihoming in Nascent Platform Markets
Aydin Ozden, S., Suarez, F. F., Libaers, D., & Bart, Y. (2026) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.70005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adaptive emergence of platform governance in contexts of underdeveloped markets and informality
Boakye, D. K., Amissah, K., & Sarpong, D. (2026) · Long range planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2026.102631 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clough, D. R. (2026) · Strategy Science · doi:10.1287/stsc.2024.0303 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Incumbent‐Born B2B Platforms: Organizational Boundary Dynamics in Platform Creation
Alghani, K. A., Rabetino, R., & Kohtamäki, M. (2026) · The Journal of product innovation management · doi:10.1111/jpim.70025 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xue, Q., He, J., & Jiang, X.-L. (2026) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2026.109968 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How automotive firms enable value creation within mature innovation ecosystems: The case of Polestar
Hoveskog, M., Holmén, M., Ernest, A., & Bergquist, M. (2026) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2026.103218 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Capturing value with free business models in the global digital economy
Zhang, P., & Chen, L. (2025) · Journal of Digital Management · doi:10.1007/s44362-025-00013-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Following prior research (Ghose & Han, 2014; Chen et al., 2021), we build our sample by selecting the top 500 app-country observations based on self-constructed cumulative revenue rankings.”
Self-citationZhang, P., Chen, L., Yang, Y., & Li, S. (2025) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063251368267 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, D.-M., Liu, T.-Y., Fu, Y., & Song, Z.-H. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105550 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Network Effects on Platform Markets. Revisiting the Theoretical Literature
Soares, I., & Nieto-Mengotti, M. (2024) · Scientific Annals of Economics and Business · doi:10.47743/saeb-2024-0029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gao, X. (2024) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-024-02170-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…mechanism of ecosystem includes the sharing mechanism of digital technology; the support mechanism of market information to catalyze the continuous growth of start-ups is the issue we should concern in the future in the process of continuous iteration of this complex system (Chen et al., 2022).”
Organizational diversity of social-mission platforms: Advancing a configurational research agenda
Dessy, E., Mair, J., & Xhauflair, V. (2024) · Information and organization · doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100514 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xu, H.-D., & Wang, J. (2024) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-05-2024-1180 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Complementors’ interactions in the wind energy ecosystem: coopetitive dynamics
Carst, A. E. (2024) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2024.2359375 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Besides increasing innovation complexity through collaborations with other ecosystem actors, complementors engage in multihoming, a strategy that allows for risk diversification and value capture from other ecosystems (Cennamo and Santalo 2019; Chen et al. 2021; Wareham, Fox, and Giner 2014).”
The choice of suppliers and consumers: the evolutionary game equilibrium of platforms
Ma, L., Zhao, W., Dong, L.-Z., & Du, Y. (2024) · Technology Analysis & Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2024.2330562 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“There are many literatures on how platform owners achieve market goals through rules, constraints and antecedents (Chen et al. 2021).”
InfluentialAll-in-one strategy of platforms: Crafting multiproduct ecosystems
Rong, K., Zhao, Y., Kang, Z.-Y., & Parente, R. (2026) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103394 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tafesse, W., & Shen, K. N. (2024) · Int. J. Inf. Manag. Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2024.100263 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ecosystem Orchestration: Mechanisms, Regimes, and Theories of the Firm Foundations
Mozheiko, S., Shi, X., & Tong, T. W. (2026) · The Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2025.0078 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKnowledge collaboration in platform ecosystems: a systematic literature review
Chen, Y., Guo, Y.-Y., Fan, Y., & Qin, W. (2026) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-02-2025-0248 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AI orchestrator: How recommendation algorithms shape complementor strategy and market equality
Zhang, X., Tong, S., Luo, X.-M., Lin, Z.-J., & Li, J. (2026) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.70073 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chen, L., Yi, J., Li, S., & Tong, T. W.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Renmin University of China (CN)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- University of Colorado
- Corresponding author
- Yi, Jingtao
- Venue
- Journal of Management
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-03-05
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 630-656
- ISSN
- 0149-2063 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1211
- OpenAlex
- W3114481013
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 20.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The University of Melbourne Early Career Researcher Grant (ECR0182020)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (71873136)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategy and Innovation
- Keywords
- platform governance, platform ecosystems, complementors, multihoming, open governance, ecological complexity, product customization, modularity, iOS, Android
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