Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences face-to-face conversation quality

“Following this encounter, participants completed measures used in previous research to assess relationship quality over time (Reis, Sheldon, Gable, Roscoe, & Ryan, 2000) and emotional sensitivity in both committed and newly formed relationships (Aron, Aron, & Smollan, 1992).”

“For example, Przybylski and Weinstein (2012) conducted two experiments in which they manipulated the presence of cell phones while a pair of subjects had either casual or meaningful conversations.”

“Kushlev and Dunn (2015) demonstrated that the number of times a day people could check email increased stress levels, while other studies show that the mere presence of a mobile phone diminishes the quality of face-to-face interaction (Przybylski and Weinstein, 2013; Misra et al., 2016).”

“Again, this is problematic because the mere presence of a cell phone during a face-to-face conversation reduces ratings of closeness, trust, and relationship quality, even when the phone is not used during the conversation (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“…smartphone checking is also associated with interpersonal relationship problems such as inhibition of interpersonal closeness and trust development (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013), interference of other social activities (Walsh, White, & Young, 2008), and insecurity in romantic relationships (Kuss…”

“…the room during a conversation can result in lower feelings of relationship quality, particularly when the conversation is about a meaningful topic (Przybylski and Weinstein 2013), and that holding a mobile phone in one’s hand or placing it on the table during conversation results in lower…”

“…use and potential relationship dysfunction (e.g., McDaniel & Coyne, 2016a; McDaniel & Coyne, 2016b) or changes in interpersonal interactions (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013). r Although some professional societies such as Zero To Three and the American Academy of Pediatrics now recommend…”

“We used a modified version of a relationship formation task adapted from previous research meant to emulate the content of many real-life conversations (Aron, Aron, & Smollan, 1992; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“Thus, researchers have theorized that the mere presence of phones may orient people away from their immediate social environment, potentially decreasing enjoyment of social interactions (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2012; Srivastava, 2005).”

“…researchers’ attention is that mobile phone addiction level has been linked to interpersonal problems (Liu & Kuo, 2007; Park, Kim, & Lee, 2014; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013) and negative emotions such as depression (Thomée et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2014; Yen et al., 2009) and anxiety…”

“Phone use in social settings affects closeness, connection, and conversation quality especially for personally meaningful topics even when a device was present but not in use, e.g., sitting on a table (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“…tasks to the two participants, the experimenter had innocuously placed her cell phone and a stopwatch on the edge of the table of one participant; a spiral notebook of similar size to the cell phone had previously been positioned on the table of the other subject (cf. Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“Furthermore, two experimental studies indicate that the presence of mobile phones can interfere with human relationships (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013), and mobile messaging behavior during an offline conversation can lead to more negative impression formation and perceptions of lower interaction…”

“engaged in with your child?” The 6 items on the scale included: (1) cellphone/smartphone, (2) television, (3) computer, (4) tablet, (5) iPod, and (6) video game console.”

“…Carroll, Parker, & Blythe, 2004); the impact of multitasking on classroom learning (Kuznekoff & Titsworth, 2013; Wood, Zivcakova, Gentile, De Pasquale, & Nosko, 2011); or the disruption of face-to-face social interactions by even the mere presence of a cell phone (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2012).”

“Supporting this view, Przybylski and Weinstein (2013) found that interruptions and distraction caused by cellphone use creates con fl icts in romantic relationships, and Coyne et al. (2012) concluded that as men's videogame playing increased so too did relationship con fl ict over media.”

“…the interference process, Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn (in press) showed that people enjoyed a meal with friends significantly less when they were able to use their phones during the meal (compared to when phones were put away; see also: Kushlev & Heintzelman, in press; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“…friends (Karadağ et al., 2015), and that even those in experimental dyadic interactions can be affected negatively (in terms of their mood or perceived relationship quality) by phubbing (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018) or even the mere presence of mobile phones (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“A second experiment suggests that the mere presence of mobile technology can diminish sociability (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“Given that multitasking has been culturally associated with impoliteness [52], we assume more multitasking during remote meetings may be caused by the lower probability of getting noticed by others when”

“Przybylski and Weinstein (2013) extended this work to interaction interference, finding that when cellphone use interferes in an interaction, interaction partners report lower levels of perceived relationship quality, partner trust, and perceived empathy in that interaction.”

“Merely having a cell phone visibly present, but unused, is sufficient to cause similar outcomes (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“This proposition was tested by Przybylski and Weinstein (2013), who found that the mere presence of a cell phone during relationship development diminished trust between partners.”

“, full attention for the conversation partner versus parallel smartphone use [102]; fixed appointments versus last minute cancelling/delay of a date via WhatsApp.”

“Parental Influences and Child”

“Thus, it is no wonder that studies already demonstrated that a silent phone lying on the table has negative impacts on the conversation atmosphere [120].”

“Przybylski and Weinstein [39] studied pairs of strangers in face-to-face settings and found that those with a mobile phone present felt less close to one another after conversation.”

“Prior experiments have indicated that the presence of a smartphone could potentially impact reported interaction and relationship quality [48,57].”

“Public service announcements during prime-time TV could alert families and couples to the relationship costs that digital devices can have (e.g., Przybylski and Weinstein 2013).”

“22 The finding that responsiveness decreases with higher phone involvement but also with higher involvement in other nonchild directed activities may at first glance dampen concerns over phone use; however, the incidence of absorbed phone use generally appears to be higher, while other tasks seem to…”

“…theorized that by providing access to broader social networks and other resources, mobile devices like smartphones may make people less engaged with their immediate social environment (e.g., Alter, 2017; Misra, Cheng, Genevie, & Yuan, 2014; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013, 2017; Turkle, 2011, 2015).”

“…may encourage social displacement, making face-to-face interactions less meaningful, and resulting in lower qualities of conversation and relationship satisfaction (Ahn and Shin 2013; Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas 2018; Przybylski and Weinstein 2013; Roberts and David 2016, 2017; Wang et al. 2017).”

“Importantly, much of this research has used behavioral manipulations of technoference or phubbing related behaviors (Dwyer et al., 2018; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013; Sprecher et al., 2016; Vanden Abeele et al., 2016); whereas the current research used cognitive manipulations of phubbing.”

“For instance, with regard to romantic relationships, focusing on one’s phone instead of focusing on the conversation partner leads to lower partner trust and a lower perception of both relationship quality and empathy (e.g., Misra et al., 2016; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013; Roberts & David, 2016).”

“Similarly, Przybylski and Weinstein’s (2013) experimental study found that the presence of a”

“For instance, only mere presence of cell phones and mobile messaging behavior during an offline conversation can interfere with human relationships (Przybylski and Weinstein 2013) and lead to more negative impression formation and perceptions of lower interaction quality (Vanden Abeele et al. 2016).”

“Moreover, previous research has investigated such effects in social situations, such as relationship formation (Przybylski and Weinstein, 2013) or romantic relationships (Roberts and David, 2016).”

“…use (or mobile etiquette) during faceto-face (FtF) social interactions also differ by age cohort, social setting, and relational context (e.g., Ling, 2002, 2004; Miller-Ott & Kelly, 2015; Miller-Ott, Kelly, & Duran, 2012; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013; Rainie & Zickuhr, 2015; Sawchuk & Crow, 2012).”

“This phenomenon may be quite subtle; simply having a smartphone present has been shown to interfere with the dynamics of a social interaction because of its symbolic representation as a communication tool(3,19).”

“To date, only one remarkable study (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2012) addressed the influence of mobile communication technologies during social face-to-face interactions.”

“More relevant to erosion of humanness, emerging research in experimental and real-world settings, shows that the mere presence of mobile communication devices may erode the quality of face-to-face interactions, diminishing closeness, connection, and empathic concern [61,62].”

“Similarly, two other studies (Misra, Cheng, Genevie, & Yuan, 2014; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013) found that the presence of a cell phone during conversation, even if neither party was using the phone, negatively affected perceptions of the quality of the conversation and partner empathetic concern,…”

“For example, the consistent presence of smartphones and continuously playing background music detriments the performance of building interpersonal relationships and reading comprehension, respectively [53, 136].”

“As Przybylski and Weinstein (2013) argue, ‘The first and most important question this research leaves open concerns the mechanism through which a mobile phone impedes relationship formation’ (p. 8).”

“Young adults have reported that the use of communication technology hinders self-disclosure (Ruppel, 2014) and interferes with trust and closeness in a face-to-face conversation (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”

“29,30 However, few studies 31,32 have explored how engaging in different sensory information influences short-term interpersonal outcomes.”

“Consequently, this can lead to disconnection from co-located social interaction [43] and phubbing – preferring paying attention to the smartphone rather than the other person in the social setting [6].”

“…research documenting that phone use distracts from face-toface conversations (Humphreys, 2005) and is associated with diminished feelings of closeness among romantic partners (McDaniel & Coyne, 2014), strangers meeting for the first time (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013), and now close friends.”

“Przybylski and Weinstein [20] studied how personal mobile communication technology influences face-to-face interaction quality, demonstrating that its mere presence can interfere with social interaction, inhibiting the development of interpersonal closeness.”

“Przybylski and Weinstein (2013) conducted two experiments in which they manipulated the presence of cell phones during stranger interactions.”