Does online technology make us more or less sociable? A preliminary review and call for research
Abstract
How does online technology affect sociability? Emerging evidence-much of it inconclusive-suggests a nuanced relationship between use of online technology (the Internet, social media, and virtual reality) and sociability (emotion recognition, empathy, perspective taking, and emotional intelligence). Although online technology can facilitate purely positive behavior (e.g., charitable giving) or purely negative behavior (e.g., cyberbullying), it appears to affect sociability in three ways, depending on whether it allows a deeper understanding of people's thoughts and feelings: (a) It benefits sociability when it complements already-deep offline engagement with others, (b) it impairs sociability when it supplants deeper offline engagement for superficial online engagement, and (c) it enhances sociability when deep offline engagement is otherwise difficult to attain. We suggest potential implications and moderators of technology's effects on sociability and call for additional causal research.
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Smartphones can negatively impact well-being primarily by reducing the time spent doing other activities that are essential for well-being, such as sleeping or socializing.
“From this perspective, smartphones can negatively impact well-being primarily by reducing the time we spend doing other activities that are essential for well-being, such as sleeping [18,19,20] or socializing [21].”
From The effects of smartphones on well-being: theoretical integration and research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
Online interaction can harm well-being and reduce sociality if it displaces in-person connections.
“Online interaction can harm well-being and reduce sociality if it displaces in-person connections [51,52,53 ,54 ].”
From Two social lives: how differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
Online interaction can provide support when offline interaction is impossible or scarce.
“Second, online interaction can provide support when offline interaction is impossible or scarce [54 ].”
From Two social lives: how differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
Passive use of social media (e.g., lurking) has been associated with increased loneliness and lowered well-being.
“Further, the passive use of social media, in particular (e.g.lurking behaviors; scrolling through others' feeds without actually engaging), has been associated with increased loneliness and lowered well-being [51,52,53 ,54 ,55].”
From Two social lives: how differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
Online interactions can complement and strengthen existing personal connections.
“Online interactions can not only build new connections, but they can also complement and strengthen existing personal connections [51,52,54 ,58].”
From Two social lives: how differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
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- Authors
- Waytz, A., & Gray, K.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waytz, Adam
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-05-14
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 473-491
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2803162784
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- internet technologies, sociability, social media, virtual reality, internet use, empathy, perspective taking, emotional intelligence, emotion recognition, cyberbullying, charitable giving
- MeSH terms
- Virtual Reality, Humans, Social Behavior, Technology, Internet, Mobile Applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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