Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Theory and Practice
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) incorporates elements of cognitive-behavioural therapy with mindfulness-based stress reduction into an 8-session group program. Initially conceived as an intervention for relapse prevention in people with recurrent depression, it has since been applied to various psychiatric conditions. Our paper aims to briefly describe MBCT and its putative mechanisms of action, and to review the current findings about the use of MBCT in people with mood and anxiety disorders. The therapeutic stance of MBCT focuses on encouraging patients to adopt a new way of being and relating to their thoughts and feelings, while placing little emphasis on altering or challenging specific cognitions. Preliminary functional neuroimaging studies are consistent with an account of mindfulness improving emotional regulation by enhancing cortical regulation of limbic circuits and attentional control. Research findings from several randomized controlled trials suggest that MBCT is a useful intervention for relapse prevention in patients with recurrent depression, with efficacy that may be similar to maintenance antidepressants. Preliminary studies indicate MBCT also shows promise in the treatment of active depression, including treatment-resistant depression. Pilot studies have also evaluated MBCT in bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders. Patient and clinician resources for further information on mindfulness and MBCT are provided.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CBT has been coordinated with mindfulness meditation (CBT-M) following strong evidence of the combined efficacy.
“in recent years has been coordinated with mindfulness meditation (CBT-M) following strong evidence of the combined efficacy [8,9]”
From Online Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Youth With Major Depressive Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Cites
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · see citing works
(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477 · see citing works
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 · Cited by 6,587 · see citing works
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905 · Cited by 5,643 · see citing works
The effect of mindfulness based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta analytic review
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018555 · Cited by 3,846 · see citing works
(2001) · Cited by 3,666 · see citing works
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152 · Cited by 3,595 · see citing works
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236 · see citing works
The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003 · Cited by 3,215 · see citing works
The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.3.504 · Cited by 2,998 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders
(1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.7.936 · Cited by 1,941 · see citing works
Ma, S. H., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.1.31 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)e0011-7 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018441 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence.
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.2.275 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.275 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Mayberg, H. S. (2003) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/65.1.193 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
Clinical applications of resting state functional connectivity
Fox, M. (2010) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2010.00019 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., Kiyonaga, A., Wong, L., & Gelfand, L. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018438 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling
Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3180f6171f · Cited by 835 · see citing works
How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work?
Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R. S., Byford, S., Evans, A., Radford, S., Teasdale, J. D., & Dalgleish, T. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.003 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression.
Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Barrett, B., Byng, R., Evans, A., Mullan, E., et al. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013786 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., & Haglin, D. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.005 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.1.54 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Minding one’s emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness.
Farb, N. A. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., & Segal, Z. V. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017151 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Segal, Z. V., Bieling, P., Young, T., MacQueen, G., Cooke, R., Martin, L., Bloch, R., & Levitan, R. D. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.168 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: A preliminary study
Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., Winder, R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.019 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Treatment-resistant depressed patients show a good response to Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy
Kenny, M. A., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.008 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
The Mindful Way through Depression: Freeing Your Self from Chronic Unhappiness
Adler‐Collins, J. K. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01138.x · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Selective Attention to Threat
Bishop, S. J. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1417.016 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Williams, J. M. G., Alatiq, Y., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Fennell, M. J. V., Duggan, D. S., Hepburn, S., & Goodwin, G. M. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.022 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Finucane, A., & Mercer, S. W. (2006) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-6-14 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Godfrin, K. A., & van Heeringen, C. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.006 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for residual depressive symptoms
Kingston, T., Dooley, B. A., Bates, A., Lawlor, E., & Malone, K. M. (2006) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608306x116016 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Mindfulness‐Based cognitive therapy for prevention of recurrence of suicidal behavior
Williams, J. M. G., Duggan, D. S., Crane, C., & Fennell, M. J. V. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20223 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Bondolfi, G., Jermann, F., der Linden, M. V., Gex-Fabry, M., Bizzini, L., Rouget, B. W., Myers-Arrazola, L., Gonzalez, C., Segal, Z., Aubry, J.-M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.007 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Kim, Y. W., Lee, S.-H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., Kim, B., Kim, C. M., Cho, S. J., Kim, M. J., Yook, K., Ryu, M., et al. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20552 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Way, B. M., Creswell, J. D., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018312 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Pilot Study
Eisendrath, S. J., Delucchi, K., Bitner, R., Fenimore, P., Smit, M., & McLane, M. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000142525 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationManicavasgar, V., Parker, G., & Perich, T. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.027 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Yook, K., Lee, S.-H., Ryu, M., Kim, K.-H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., Kim, Y.-W., Kim, B., Kim, M. Y., & Kim, M.-J. (2008) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31817762ac · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Crane, C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0003-8 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: A feasibility trial
Weber, B., Jermann, F., Gex-Fabry, M., Nallet, A., Bondolfi, G., & Aubry, J.-M. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.03.007 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Michalak, J., Heidenreich, T., Meibert, P., & Schulte, D. (2008) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31817d0546 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder
Miklowitz, D. J., Alatiq, Y., Goodwin, G. M., Geddes, J. R., Fennell, M. J. V., Dimidjian, S., Hauser, M., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2009.2.4.373 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Stein, D. J., Ives-Deliperi, V. L., & Thomas, K. G. F. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900013869 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Adapting Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Eisendrath, S., Chartier, M., & McLane, M. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.05.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationKuyken, W., Byford, S., Byng, R., Dalgleish, T., Lewis, G., Taylor, R., Watkins, E. R., Hayes, R., Lanham, P., Kessler, D., et al. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-99 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Staying well after depression: trial design and protocol
Williams, J. M. G., Russell, I. T., Crane, C., Russell, D., Whitaker, C. J., Duggan, D. S., Barnhofer, T., Fennell, M. J. V., Crane, R. S., & Silverton, S. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-23 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
van der Velden, A. M., Kuyken, W., Wattar, U., Crane, C., Pallesen, K. J., Dahlgaard, J., Fjorback, L. O., & Piet, J. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.001 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Ayahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Results from a Preliminary Observational Study in Canada
Thomas, G., Lucas, P., Capler, N., Tupper, K., & Martin, G. (2013) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/15733998113099990003 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Group mindfulness-based therapy significantly improves sexual desire in women
Brotto, L. A., & Basson, R. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.001 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Goodman, J. H., Guarino, A., Chenausky, K., Klein, L., Prager, J., Petersen, R., Forget, A., & Freeman, M. (2014) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0402-7 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Although originally designed for the prevention of relapse in patients in remission from depression, early studies suggest that MBCT may be helpful for a broad range of mental health problems (Sipe and Eisendrath 2012).”
de Jong, M., Lazar, S. W., Hug, K., Mehling, W. E., Hölzel, B. K., Sack, A. T., Peeters, F., Ashih, H., Mischoulon, D., & Gard, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00967 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Paller, K. A., Creery, J. D., Florczak, S. M., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M.-M., Reber, P. J., Kiragu, J., Rooks, J., Safron, A., Morhardt, D., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317514545377 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Paterson, L. Q. P., Handy, A. B., & Brotto, L. A. (2017) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1208800 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Seng, E. K., Singer, A. B., Metts, C., Grinberg, A. S., Patel, Z. S., Marzouk, M., Rosenberg, L., Day, M., Minen, M. T., Lipton, R. B., et al. (2019) · Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13657 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Earlier research with MBCT for depression treatment and relapse prevention defined the treatment targets of mindfulness meditation skills and disease-related cognitions and refined the classic 8-week, group delivery intervention protocol.(25,33) The two-armed trial in people with primary headache disorders tailored th…”
MethodApolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., & Fritsche, L. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cotton, S., Luberto, C. M., Sears, R. W., Strawn, J. R., Stahl, L., Wasson, R. S., Blom, T. J., & Delbello, M. P. (2016) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12216 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Chu, C.-S., Stubbs, B., Chen, T.-Y., Tang, C.-H., Li, D.-J., Yang, W.-C., Wu, C.-K., Carvalho, A. F., Vieta, E., Miklowitz, D. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.025 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…relevant studies were also identified from the reference lists of the included studies, reviews, and meta-analyses of interventions that used MBIs as adjunctive therapy to treat patients with BD (Chiesa and Serretti, 2011; Marchand, 2012; Mehrmann and Karmacharya, 2013; Sipe and Eisendrath, 2012).”
BackgroundKoszycki, D., Thake, J., Mavounza, C., Daoust, J.-P., Taljaard, M., & Bradwejn, J. (2016) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2015.0108 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Yüksel, A., & Bahadır Yılmaz, E. (2020) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104268 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ritvo, P., Knyahnytska, Y., Pirbaglou, M., Wang, W., Tomlinson, G., Zhao, H., Linklater, R., Bai, S., Kirk, M., Katz, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24380 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the best-validated psychotherapy [7], and in recent years has been coordinated with mindfulness meditation (CBT-M) following strong evidence of the combined efficacy [8,9].”
InfluentialSundquist, J., Palmér, K., Johansson, L. M., & Sundquist, K. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.328 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Parameshwaran, R. (2015) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.148511 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hoffman, S. N., Rassaby, M. M., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.086 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ritvo, P., Vora, K., Irvine, J., Mongrain, M., Azargive, S., Azam, M. A., Pirbaglou, M., Guglietti, C., Wayne, N., Perez, D., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.4471/ijep.2013.28 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Perkins-Porras, L., Riaz, M., Okekunle, A., Zhelezna, S., Chakravorty, I., & Ussher, M. (2018) · Chronic Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/1479972318766140 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Feasibility of Mindfulness Training to Reduce Stress among Social Workers: A Conceptual Paper
Beer, O. W. J., Phillips, R., Stepney, L., & Quinn, C. R. (2020) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcz104 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
M. Atia, M., & E. Sallam, L. (2019) · American Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.12691/ajnr-8-1-11 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kirk, M. A., Pirbaglou, M., Weerasekera, R., & Ritvo, P. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2021.1959807 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An evaluation of large group cognitive behaviour therapy with mindfulness (CBTm) classes
Thakur, V. K., Wong, J. Y., Randall, J. R., Bolton, J. M., Parikh, S. V., Mota, N., Whitney, D., Palay, J., Kinley, J., Diocee, S., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2124-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Group-based mindfulness interventions in prisons: a selective critical review
Harding-White, M. F., Mojtahedi, D., & Carson, J. (2024) · The Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-10-2022-0054 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moskow Diamond, D. (2025) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20250702-01 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sipe, W. E. B., & Eisendrath, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sipe, Walter E B
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 63-69
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W2270478308
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01at004572-04)
- Health Canada
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT004572-01A1 968)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, relapse prevention, recurrent depression, treatment-resistant depression, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, emotion regulation, attentional control, mechanism of action, group therapy
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Attention, Awareness, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Meditation, Secondary Prevention, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
