Offense processes of online sexual grooming and abuse of children via internet communication platforms
Open accessAbstract
The aim of the present study was to provide an inclusive and realistic account of the offense processes of naturally occurring, sexually exploitative interactions between offenders and victims that took place via Internet communication platforms, and develop an offense process diagram of online sexual grooming and abuse. Five case series, comprising 29 transcripts of 22 interactions, were analyzed using the qualitative approach of thematic analysis. Police reports were reviewed for descriptive and case-specific information. The five offenders were men aged between 27 and 52 years ( M = 33.6, SD = 5.6), and the number of children they communicated with ranged from one to 12 ( M = 4.6, SD = 4.5). Victims were aged between 11 and 15 ( M = 13.0, SD = 1.2), and were both female ( n = 17) and male ( n = 6). Findings revealed that offenders employed either an indirect or a direct approach to conversations with victims and initiating contact with them. The approach offenders employed was also reflected in the types of strategies they used. Only two offenders were found to engage in aspects of sexual grooming as part of an indirect approach; the majority of the interactions by the other three offenders, that lacked features of sexual grooming altogether, were found to be of a direct approach. These findings are discussed in relation to current issues surrounding terminology and definition of sexual grooming, as well as theoretical and practical implications, concluding with suggestions for future research.
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Some individuals intentionally utilized websites designed for and popular among children and young people, such as public chat rooms of a particular topic, to identify and approach potential victims.
“Some individuals described intentionally utilizing websites designed for and popular among children and young people, such as public chat rooms of a particular topic (area), to identify and approach potential victims (Kloess et al., 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The Initial Contact/Approach section reports that an offender accessed a public chat room geared toward adolescents aged 13–19, and the Discussion says most offenders accessed platforms geared toward or popular among children. The paper does not establish that they deliberately chose those sites to identify victims, nor does it describe the chat room as devoted to a particular topic. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOthers reported a preference for targeting victims on websites which offered a video chat function due to the opportunities this presents for facilitating sexual interactions.
“Others reported a preference for targeting victims on websites which offered a video chat function due to the opportunities this presents for facilitating sexual interactions (De Santisteban et al., 2018; Kloess et al., 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The Initial Contact/Approach section (page unavailable) describes offenders using websites with video-chat functions, and the Discussion (page unavailable) reports attempts to engage victims in sexual activity via webcam. The paper does not say offenders reported preferring those websites for that reason. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFlattery often directly preceded a sexual request.
“Flattery also often directly preceded a sexual request (Kloess etal., 2019; Powell etal., 2021; Seymour-Smith & Kloess, 2021).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The Grooming section says offenders used flattery to prepare victims before online sexual activity, and the Discussion links flattery with introducing sexual topics. Neither passage establishes that flattery often occurred directly before a sexual request; the paper also describes flattery after sexual activity. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFour included articles described that individuals often presented themselves as a trustworthy confidante as a method of building a deeper emotional connection with the victim and sustaining engagement.
“Four of the included articles described how individuals often presented themselves as a trustworthy confidante as a method of building a deeper, emotional connection with the victim, and sustaining engagement (De Santisteban et al., 2018; Kloess etal., 2019; Powell etal., 2021; Whittle etal., 2015).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The Grooming section describes an offender in Case 2 presenting as a friend and offering advice and encouragement. It also says that making victims feel special helped establish a relationship and appeared aimed at continued engagement. But it identifies the friend-and-adviser role in one case, not as something offenders often did, and does not specifically describe them as trustworthy confidantes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndividuals typically requested the child's contact information, including telephone number, instant messaging account details, and less commonly email address, to migrate communication.
“Individuals typically fulfilled this desire by requesting the child's contact information, including their telephone number (De Santisteban etal., 2018; Kloess etal., 2019; Shannon, 2008), instant messaging account details (Kloess etal., 2017, 2019; Shannon, 2008), and, less commonly, their email address (Kloess et al., 2017).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The Initial Contact/Approach section (page not provided) reports exchanges of email addresses to move conversations to private instant messaging and an offender asking whether victims had an instant messaging account. It does not establish that offenders typically requested telephone numbers or instant messaging account details. The ‘less commonly’ email claim is cited to Kloess et al. (2017), not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Individuals provided victims with a variety of gifts, including concert tickets, phones, clothes, and sex toys, with the intention of creating a sense of obligation within the victim to reciprocate and thereby achieving compliance and engagement.
“More specifically, individuals provided victims with a variety of gifts, including concert tickets, phones, clothes, and sex toys, with the intention of creating a sense of obligation within the victim to reciprocate in some way, and thereby ultimately achieving compliance and engagement (De Santisteban etal., 2018; Kloess etal., 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo articles reported on individuals' approaches to sexualizing conversations and interactions by rehearsing hypothetical scenarios with victims in the physical world.
“Fantasy Rehearsal. Two articles reported on individuals' approaches to sexualizing conversations and interactions by rehearsing hypothetical scenarios with victims in the physical world (Kloess etal., 2017, 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The Closure section (page unavailable) says offenders used sexually explicit talk and fantasy enactment to sexualize conversations with victims. The Grooming section also describes discussion of a future physical meeting, but the passages do not establish that offenders rehearsed hypothetical scenarios with victims in the physical world. This verdict addresses the 2019 paper, not the separately cited 2017 article. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKloess et al. (2019) analyzed transcripts from five offenders interacting with 29 child victims; the most commonly used strategies were indirect and included compliments, flattery, and affection, as well as persistence and manipulation.
“Moreover, Kloess et al. (2019) analyzed transcripts from five offenders interacting with 29 child victims.The most commonly used strategies were indirect and included compliments, flattery, and affection, as well as persistence and manipulation.”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Kloess et al. (2019)
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredData from offenders' interactions with decoys does not imitate what happens in naturally occurring interactions with actual children.
“This finding adds support to the claim that data from offenders' interactions with decoys does not imitate what happens in naturally occurring interactions with actual children (Chiang & Grant, 2018;Kloess et al., 2019;Schneevogt et al., 2018).”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The Present Paper (page unavailable) distinguishes its naturally occurring adult–child conversations from studies using adults posing as children. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that its interactions did not follow the stages proposed by O’Connell, a decoy-based study, but does not establish the broader claim that decoy interactions fail to imitate naturally occurring ones generally. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKloess et al. (2019) investigated five offenders' interactions with 29 actual children and distinguished between direct and indirect approaches.
“Kloess et al. (2019) investigated five offenders' interactions with 29 actual children and distinguished between direct and indirect approaches.”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSocial networks and virtual platforms facilitate immediate contact and interactions among individuals with similar communication needs.
“In line with this and based on recent research, it has been noted that social networks and virtual platforms facilitate immediate contact and interactions among individuals with similar communication needs [27].”
From Grooming Risk Factors in Adolescents with Abuse Histories: Insights from Chilean Reparative Programs (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
The Discussion says easily accessible internet platforms increase opportunities for offenders to contact many children, and Initial Contact/Approach describes contact through social networking sites and instant messaging (page numbers unavailable). This supports the contact-and-interaction aspect, but the paper does not establish that the people involved have similar communication needs or make the claim about individuals generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt is questionable whether such 'blitz'-type approaching behavior still counts as SOG.
“This renders it questionable whether such 'blitz'-type approaching behavior still counts as SOG (Kloess et al., 2019), thus once more highlighting the above mentioned problems in operationalizing SOG.”
From 3.2 Sexual Online Grooming of Children – A Short Overview of the Offender Literature (2025) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Some individuals portrayed themselves to be around the same age as their victims, while others slightly reduced their age while still presenting themselves as much older than the child.
“More specifically, while some individuals portrayed themselves to be around the same age as their victims (Kloess et al., 2019; Seymour-Smith & Kloess, 2021; K. Thomas etal., 2023), others slightly reduced their age while still presenting themselves as much older than the child (De Santisteban et al., 2018; Shannon, 2008).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Migrating to phone contact can be seen as a form of escalation, as the offender becomes part of the victim's personal life offline.
“Multiple articles noted that individuals may do so to further establish their role in the victim's lives: 'This (phone contact) can also be seen as a form of escalation, as the offender becomes a part of the victim's personal life offline.' (Kloess etal., 2019, p. 85).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
This strategy often preceded sexual interactions and ultimately functioned to increase victims' compliance.
“This strategy often preceded sexual interactions, and ultimately functioned to increase victims' compliance (Kloess etal., 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The use of pressure in order to overcome victims' resistance was observed across five articles.
“Pressure. The use of pressure in order to overcome victims' resistance was observed across five articles (Kloess et al., 2017, 2019; Powell etal., 2021; Seymour-Smith & Kloess, 2021; K. Thomas etal., 2023).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
It was evident across three articles that some individuals attempted to normalize sexual relationships between adults and children in order to reduce victims' inhibitions and minimize risk of disclosure.
“Normalizing Sexual Relationships. It was evident across three articles that some individuals attempted to normalize sexual relationships between adults and children in order to reduce victims' inhibitions and minimize risk of disclosure (Kloess etal., 2017, 2019; Powell etal., 2021).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Individuals in two articles were reported to resort to begging in response to victims' non-compliance through presenting as desperate and in need, and using repeated pleas to overcome victims' resistance and achieve engagement in sexualized interactions.
“Begging. Individuals in two articles were reported to resort to begging in response to victims' non-compliance (Kloess et al., 2017, 2019) through presenting as desperate and in need, and using repeated pleas to overcome victims' resistance and achieve engagement in sexualized interactions: 'Offenders could be seen to be persistent by repeating questions and statements, as well”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The more subtle version of seeking sympathy involved conveying disappointment and sadness at victims' refusal to engage.
“The more subtle version of this approach involved conveying disappointment and sadness at victims' refusal to engage (Kloess etal., 2017, 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Some offenders displayed no features of grooming, instead using a direct approach including aggressive, persistent, non-compromising, and pressuring strategies in order to achieve compliance from the child.
“Some offenders, however, displayed no features of grooming, instead using a direct approach including aggressive, persistent, non-compromising, and pressuring strategies in order to achieve compliance from the child (Kloess et al., 2019).”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Early initiation of sexual topics is also reported in interactions with actual children, and some interactions are described as lacking elements of grooming altogether.
“Early initiation of sexual topics is also reported in interactions with actual children (Tener et al., 2015), and some interactions are described as lacking elements of grooming altogether (Kloess et al., 2019).”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Offenders who employed an indirect approach used compliments, flattery, and gentle pressure through disappointment and sadness, and prepared the child by grooming.
“Those who employed an indirect approach used compliments, flattery, and gentle pressure through disappointment and sadness, and prepared the child by grooming.”
From Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity (2021) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Adolescents with difficulties in face-to-face social interaction often seek to compensate in digital environments, generating a higher risk of being contacted by groomers.
“Likewise, adolescents with difficulties in face-to-face social interaction often seek to compensate for these limitations in digital environments [28], where they can better control how they present themselves and avoid the stress associated with face-to-face interactions [29], thus generating a higher risk of being contacted by the groomers [27].”
From Grooming Risk Factors in Adolescents with Abuse Histories: Insights from Chilean Reparative Programs (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
In an investigation analyzing transcripts of interactions between five offenders and their victims, certain perpetrators employed indirect and intricate methodologies to cultivate relationships with minors, including online grooming.
“In an investigation which involved the analysis of transcripts documenting interactions between five offenders and their victims, it was observed that certain perpetrators employed indirect and intricate methodologies to cultivate relationships with minors, including online grooming [9].”
From Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: A Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Three articles described individuals initiating contact with multiple victims simultaneously or sequentially.
“Three articles described individuals initiating contact with multiple victims simultaneously (De Santisteban et al., 2018; Kloess et al., 2019; Shannon, 2008) or sequentially (Kloess etal., 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Some individuals used empathy to build trust, demonstrated through prolonged telephone conversations, providing a space for children to feel listened to and validated, and offering advice.
“Some individuals used empathy to build trust (Powell et al., 2021), demonstrated through actions such as engaging in prolonged telephone conversations, providing a space for children to feel listened to and validated, and offering advice (De Santisteban et al., 2018; Kloess etal., 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The nature and level of contact between individuals and their victims were described in six articles, with some contact as frequent as daily and of an intense nature.
“Frequency and Intensity of Contact. The nature and level of contact between individuals and their victims were described in six articles (Chiang, 2018; De Santisteban etal., 2018; Kloess etal., 2019; Shannon, 2008; K. Thomas etal., 2023; Whittle etal., 2015), with some contact as frequent as daily and of an intense nature (De Santisteban etal., 2018; Kloess etal., 2019): 'I couldn't like”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Across three articles, individuals were found to share pornographic material with victims, which appeared to serve the purpose of desensitizing them to explicit content and familiarizing them with it.
“Sharing Pornographic Material. Across three articles (Kloess et al., 2017, 2019; Powell et al., 2021), individuals were found to share pornographic material with victims, which appeared to serve the purpose of desensitizing them to explicit content, and familiarizing them with it.”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Sometimes used in conjunction with gift-giving, and in order to achieve victims' compliance, individuals incited victims to engage in specified sexual acts/activities in exchange for financial payment.
“Sometimes used in conjunction with gift-giving (Kloess et al., 2019), and in order to achieve victims' compliance, individuals were seen to incite them to engage in specified sexual acts/ activities in exchange for financial payment: '£20 to let me stare at ur tits for 5 mins.' (Chiang, 2018, p. 99).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Four articles reported the use of material gifts.
“Gift-Giving. Four articles reported the use of material gifts (De Santisteban et al., 2018; Gámez-Guadix et al., 2021; Kloess et al., 2019).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
Normalizing sexual relationships involved individuals sharing details of their past sexual experiences with other victims, including emphasizing the child's level of enjoyment and their own level of experience, and thereby presenting themselves as an appropriate sexual partner.
“This involved individuals sharing details of their past sexual experiences with other victims, including emphasizing the child's level of enjoyment and their own level of experience (Kloess etal., 2017; Powell et al., 2021), and thereby presenting themselves as an appropriate sexual partner: 'ive taken a few virginities before. . . .' (Kloess etal., 2019, p. 83).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
In an attempt to incite victims, individuals also exposed themselves and engaged in masturbation.
“In an attempt to incite victims, individuals also exposed themselves and engaged in masturbation (Kloess et al., 2019; Shannon, 2008; Whittle etal., 2015).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
The manner of sexualizing conversations varied across articles: some individuals used a direct and highly explicit approach, while others opted for a more gradual and suggestive approach.
“However, the manner in which this was done varied across articles. Some individuals used a direct and highly explicit approach (Chiang, 2018; Kloess etal., 2019; Powell etal., 2021), while others opted for a more gradual and suggestive approach (Gámez-Guadix etal., 2021; Kloess etal., 2017, 2019; Seymour-Smith & Kloess, 2021; Shannon, 2008).”
From Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Kloess et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Kloess, J. A., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., & Beech, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- University of Bath (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kloess, Juliane A.
- Venue
- Sexual Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-07-17
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-96
- ISSN
- 1079-0632 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-286X
- OpenAlex
- W2729455610
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 6.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Sexual Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) (submittedVersion)
- Pure (University of Bath) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- online sexual grooming, child sexual abuse, victim-offender relationship, indirect approach, direct approach, child sexual exploitation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Communication, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pedophilia, Crime Victims, Internet, Criminals
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