Telomere shortening in formerly abused and never abused women.
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies suggest that chronic psychological stress may accelerate aging at the cellular level. Telomeres are protective components that stabilize the ends of chromosomes and modulate cellular aging. Women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) experience chronic stress and report worse health. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine telomeric DNA length in women who have experienced chronic stress related to IPV. We hypothesized that IPV exposure would be associated with shorter telomere length. The investigation used a cross-sectional design to study telomere length in women with a history of IPV exposure and control women who reported no prior exposure to IPV. Advertisements and public notices were used to recruit a convenience sample of healthy women. Mean leukocyte telomere length was measured in DNA samples from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (qPCR). Telomere length was significantly shorter in the 61 formerly abused women compared to the 41 controls ( t = 2.4, p = .02). Length of time in the abusive relationship and having children were associated with telomere length after controlling for age and body mass index (BMI) ( F(2, 99) = 10.23, p < .001). Numerous studies suggest that women who experience IPV have poorer overall health. It is often presumed that the stress of IPV may be causing greater morbidity. Findings from this descriptive study suggest a link between IPV exposure, duration of IPV-related stress, and telomere length molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular aging.
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Telomeres progressively shorten with repeated cell division and exposure to stress.
“Telomeres, which protect chromosomal integrity, progressively shorten with repeated cell division and exposure to stress (Humphreys et al., 2012).”
From From use to abuse: psychological, neurobiological, and spiritual pathways in relational harm and recovery (2026) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2012
The paper’s introductory passage, labeled Abstract in our copy (page unavailable), says telomeres stabilize chromosome ends and shorten in response to chronic stress. It does not state that repeated cell division progressively shortens them, and its stress claim is specifically about chronic stress. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmerging evidence indicates that chronic stress shortens telomere length, a biomarker of cellular aging.
“At the cellular level, emerging evidence indicates that chronic stress shortens telomere length, a biomarker of cellular aging.”
From From use to abuse: psychological, neurobiological, and spiritual pathways in relational harm and recovery (2026) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2012
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“Small foundational studies suggest the biologic plausibility of this finding by showing that people who experience IPV may have altered cortisol responses and inappropriate T-cell activation as well as early cell senescence.(8,9,11) Furthermore, increased lifetime traumatic experiences and stress are associated with w…”
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“Psychological stress and psychiatric disorders were previously linked to telomere biology in adults [37, 39, 116, 117].”
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“A second area of substantial inquiry in the literature on social determinants of telomere length is the association of high levels of chronic life stress with shorter telomere length (Entringer et al., 2011; Epel et al., 2004; Humphreys et al., 2011; O'Donovan et al., 2011).”
Self-citationTelomeres, Early-Life Stress and Mental Illness
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“Women who have experienced violence would also be more exposed to cardiovascular diseases (8) and have molecular alteration causing, in general, greater long-term morbidity (9).”
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“These conditions may be difficult to change given that IPV has been shown to contribute to telomere shortening, an irreversible marker for cellular aging (Humphreys et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSeib, C. A., Whiteside, E., Humphreys, J. C., Lee, K. A., Thomas, P. B., Chopin, L. K., Crisp, G. J., O’Keeffe, A. J., Kimlin, M. G., Stacey, A., et al. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Current work has indicated that chronic stress associated with childhood adversity, intimate partner violence or being someone’s carer may increase one’s risk of illness and premature death with or without the continued presence of the stressor [22-25].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationChen, X., Vélez, J. C., Barbosa, C., Pepper, M., Andrade, A., Stoner, L. R., Vivo, I. D., Gelaye, B., & Williams, M. A. (2014) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.969704 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Psychological stress has been related to shortened TL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Epel et al., 2004; Humphreys et al., 2012; Huzen et al., 2010; O’Donovan et al., 2011; Simon et al., 2006; Tyrka et al., 2010).”
Cao, J., Lee, C., Liu, X., & Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211030235 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…2002), depression (Beydoun et al., 2012), substance abuse (Bonomi et al., 2009), sexually transmitted diseases (Hess et al., 2012), HIV infection (Li et al., 2014), higher risks for accelerated aging (Humphreys et al., 2012), and suicide (Devries et al., 2011) or homicide (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWillis, M. M., Reid, S., Calvo, E., Staudinger, U. M., & Factor-Litvak, P. R. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stress and telomere shortening among central Indian conservation refugees
Zahran, S., Snodgrass, J. G., Maranon, D. G., Upadhyay, C., Granger, D. A., & Bailey, S. M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1411902112 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Indeed, research provides evidence of telomere shortening in a range of stress-inducing life situations, including among primary caregivers of chronically ill children and Alzheimer’s patients (28, 29), children spending more time in orphanages or experiencing other forms of neglect and adversity (30–32), women suffer…”
BackgroundLyon, D., Elmore, L. W., Aboalela, N., Merrill, J. C., McCain, N. L., Starkweather, A. R., Elswick, R. K., & Jackson‐Cook, C. K. (2013) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800413483545 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…other health conditions Aviv and Aviv (1998), Cherkas et al. (2006), Damjanovic et al. (2007), Effros (2011), Epel (2009b), Fitzpatrick et al. (2007), Humphreys et al. (2012), Kume et al. (2012), Parks et al. (2009), Serrano and Andres (2004b), Simon et al. (2006), Wikgren et al.…”
BackgroundWright, E. N., Hanlon, A. L., Lozano, A. J., & Teitelman, A. M. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.01.016 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Whisman, M. A., Robustelli, B. L., & Sbarra, D. A. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.029 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For example, womenwith histories of intimate partner violence have significantly shorter telomeres than women who have not experienced violence in an intimate relationship (Humphreys et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBurton, C. W., & Carlyle, K. E. (2015) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000076 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Draughon, J. E., Todd, A., Rose, L., Pollitt, E., & Anderson, J. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/28959 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In addition to physical injury, these types of violence are associated with chronic stress, chronic immune system activation, and inflammation [5]; accelerated cellular aging [6]; and cardiovascular disease risk [7].”
de Baca, T. C., Prather, A. A., Lin, J., Sternfeld, B., Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., & Puterman, E. M. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0482-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomeres and telomere dynamics: relevance to cancers of the GI tract
Basu, N., Skinner, H. G., Litzelman, K., Vanderboom, R. J., Baichoo, E., & Boardman, L. A. (2013) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1586/17474124.2013.848790 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Manoliu, A., Bosch, O. G., Brakowski, J., Brühl, A. B., & Seifritz, E. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.022 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Early-Life Experiences and Telomere Length in Adult Rhesus Monkeys: An Exploratory Study
Schneper, L. M., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., Notterman, D. A., & Suomi, S. J. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000402 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“the control group, even after omitting more than 10% of the children from the analyses because they had longer telomeres at the age of 10 years then than at the age of five years (9).”
BackgroundStrohmaier, J., van Dongen, J., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Nyholt, D. R., Zhu, G., Codd, V., Novakovic, B., Hansell, N. K., Wright, M. J., Rietschel, L., et al. (2015) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2015.3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In older age, the effects of prenatal stress on TL may weaken and be overlaid by other postnatal factors influencing TL such as, for example, environmental stress factors (Ahola et al., 2012; Drury et al., 2012; 2014; Humphreys et al., 2012; Kananen et al., 2010; O’Donovan et al., 2011; Shalev et al., 2013b; Surtees e…”
BackgroundControlling for baseline telomere length biases estimates of the rate of telomere attrition
Melissa Bateson, B., Eisenberg, D. T. A., & Nettle, D. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190937 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Precision Health and Nursing: Seeing the Familiar in the Foreign
Dewell, S., Benzies, K., & Ginn, C. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0844562120945159 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“An additional example of the link between genomic research and advocacy is demonstrated by a study examining telomere length (a marker of biological age) and intimate partner violence (IPV; Humphreys et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLifecourse Adversity and Telomere Length in Older Women from Northeast Brazil
Oliveira, B. S., Zunzunegui, M. V., Quinlan, J., de Medeiros, S. R. B., Thomasini, R. L., & Guerra, R. O. (2017) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2017.1937 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Depression and Self-Rated Health Among Rural Women Who Experienced Adolescent Dating Abuse
Burton, C. W., Halpern‐Felsher, B. L., Rehm, R. S., Rankin, S. H., & Humphreys, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514556766 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…has also been shown to have specific, adverse inflammatory and allostatic loading effects that may affect physical health (Wolkowitz et al., 2011), and experiences of intimate partner abuse have been linked to cellular changes that may manifest as adverse symptomologies (Humphreys et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe association between intimate partner violence against women and newborn telomere length
Chan, K. L., Lo, C. K. M., Ho, F. K. W., Leung, W. C., Yee, B. K., & Ip, P. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0575-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tiwari, A., Chan, C., Ho, R., Tsao, G. S., Deng, W., Hong, A. W. L., Fong, D., Fung, H. Y. K. Y., Pang, E. P. S., Cheung, D. S. T., et al. (2014) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-300 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“An earlier study revealed that abused women had significantly shorter telomeres than did never-abused women [8], suggesting a link among IPV, chronic psychological stress, and accelerated cellular aging.”
BackgroundInfluentialLethality Assessments and the Law Enforcement Response to Domestic Violence
Klein, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations · doi:10.1080/15332586.2012.720175 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Finally, recent research finds permanent cellular damage in victims linked to the stress of domestic violence victimization, not injuries directly related to physical assaults (Humphreys et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAcculturation Predicts Negative Affect and Shortened Telomere Length
Ruiz, R. J., Trzeciakowski, J. P., Moore, T. A., Ayers, K. S., & Pickler, R. H. (2016) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800416672005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…investigators found that telomere shortening was related to not only the occurrence but also the duration of stress induced by intimate partner violence, which presents the possibility that the effect of prenatal stress on TL may also be a function of stress chronicity (Humphreys et al., 2012).”
BackgroundWathen, C. N., Tanaka, M. N., MacGregor, J. C. D., Ferro, M. A., McKee, C., Boyle, M., Ford‐Gilboe, M., & MacMillan, H. L. (2016) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-016-0852-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“2010), and that physical health consequences of IPV are linked to longer-term cellular and epigenetic changes (Newton et al. 2011; Fernandez-Botran et al. 2011; Humphreys et al. 2012; Out et al. 2012).”
BackgroundTelomere length, telomerase activity, stress, and aging
Im, S., Mikhelson, V. M., & Spivak, D. L. (2016) · Advances in Gerontology · doi:10.1134/s2079057016010136 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Intimate partner violence and stress-related disorders: from epigenomics to resilience
Carannante, A., Giustini, M., Rota, F., Bailo, P., Piccinini, A., Izzo, G., Bollati, V., & Gaudi, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2025.1536169 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Pioneering studies have demonstrated associations between IPV and changes in DNA telomere length (44), as well as in fl ammatory and immune responsiveness, including alterations in CRP levels and proin fl ammatory (IL-6, TNF-α ) and anti-in fl ammatory (IL-10) cytokines.”
Mantler, T., & Wolfe, B. (2017) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh3987 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gibson, C. J., Bahorik, A. L., Xia, F., Peltz, C. B., & Yaffe, K. S. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08466-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…stress has been associated with biomarkers of accelerated aging in men and women, with IPV specifically examined in previous studies of women, 8 further examinations of age-matched cohorts are needed to determine if IPV contributes to aging-related health outcomes at younger ages among women…”
Chronic Pain and Premature Aging – The Moderating Role of Physical Exercise
Lahav, Y., Levy, D., Ohry, A., Zeilig, G., Lahav, M., Golander, H., Guber, A.-C., Uziel, O., & Defrin, R. (2020) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2020.08.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kim, J. Y., Lee, J. H., Song, H. J., Kim, D. G., & Yim, Y. S. (2017) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlw053 · Cited by 10
Screening and counseling for violence against women in primary care settings.
Amar, A., Laughon, K., Sharps, P., & Campbell, J. (2013) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2013.04.005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, K. A., Gay, C., Humphreys, J. C., Portillo, C. J., Pullinger, C. R., & Aouizerat, B. E. (2014) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3328 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationCold parenting is associated with cellular aging in offspring: A retrospective study
Knutsen, R., Filippov, V. A., Knutsen, S. F., Fraser, G. E., Lloren, J. I., Juma, D., & Duerksen-Hughes, P. J. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.03.013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Im, H.-J., Kim, Y. J., Kim, H.-G., Kim, H.-S., & Son, C. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.12.049 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bull, C. F., Christensen, H. M., & Fenech, M. F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119367 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This association has subsequently been shown in carers of chronically ill family members [37, 38], children exposed to violence [39], victims of intimate partner (domestic) violence [40], and individuals with pessimistic or depressive psychological states [41, 42].”
BackgroundNakie, G., Tadesse, G., Fentahun, S., Rtbey, G., Andualem, F., Kibralew, G., Kelebie, M. A., Melkam, M., Tinsae, T., Kassa, M. A., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23544-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“DV, in SSA, perpetuates long-term health issues, disproportionately harming vulnerable populations due to socioeconomic barriers, educational limitations, and institutional weaknesses [12–14].”
Solh, T., & Cevher, Ş. C. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115528 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Child mortality, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and cellular aging in mothers
Barha, C. K., Salvante, K. G., Hanna, C. W., Wilson, S. L., Robinson, W. P., Altman, R. M., & Nepomnaschy, P. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177869 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Liu, B., Maekawa, T., Chatton, B., & Ishii, S. (2015) · FEBS Open Bio · doi:10.1002/2211-5463.12006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cheung, D. S. T., Deng, W., Tsao, S., Ho, R., Chan, C., Fong, D., Chau, P. H., Hong, A. W. L., Fung, H. Y. K. Y., Ma, J. L. C., et al. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6967 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Burton, C. W., & Carlyle, K. E. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801220969875 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“, 2016), and in those that suggest long-term mental and physiological effects of IPV and/or reproductive coercion (Burton et al., 2016; Humphreys et al., 2012; Park et al., 2016).”
BackgroundStraub, C., & Annison, H. (2020) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.2184 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Telomere in Aging and Age-Related Diseases
Meiliana, A., Dewi, N. M., & Wijaya, A. (2017) · The Indonesian Biomedical Journal · doi:10.18585/inabj.v9i3.361 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Leukocyte Telomere Length in Postmenopausal Women
Jones, H. J., Janson, S. L., & Lee, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.03.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Chronic perceived stress and trauma have been associated with LTL in women (Geronimus et al., 2010; Humphreys et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssociation between elder abuse and telomere shortening in older adults: A 2‐year prospective study
Fang, B., Yan, E., Tung, K. T. S., Liu, Z., & Ip, P. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5390 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Among adults, experience of physical and psychological violence and sexual coercion by intimate partners was associated with shorter TL in abused women.(28) Although these studies have advanced understanding of the link”
BackgroundAlves, M., Graham‐Bermann, S. A., Hunter, E. C., Miller‐Graff, L. E., & Schomer, S. M. (2017) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00103 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“For example, one study found the average length of an abusive relationship to be 4.8 years and another more than 10 years (GrahamBermann, Lynch, Banyard, Devoe, & Halabu, 2007; Humphreys et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential'Divided we fail': understanding inter-relations and the role of the generalist.
Park, S., & Berlin, A. (2012) · The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · doi:10.3399/bjgp12x658377 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chan, K. L., Lo, C. K. M., Chen, X.-Y., Ip, P., Leung, W. C., Shiels, P. G., Pell, J. P., Minnis, H., & Ho, F. K. (2023) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796023000112 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Existing studies on the relationship between IPV and TL found inconsistent results (Humphreys et al., 2012; Jodczyk et al., 2014), and very few further investigated the associations of different and multiple types of IPV with TL.”
ResultHomocysteine Levels Are not Related to Telomere Length in Cord Blood Leukocytes of Newborns
Sinkey, R. G., Salihu, H., King, L. M., Paothong, A., Louis-Jacques, A. F., Pradhan, A., Bruder, K., Zoorob, R., Siegel, E., Riggs, B. M., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1570318 · Cited by 3
Oh, M. A., Park, C. M., Lee, Y. J., Hong, M., Han, J. H., Oh, S. H., Park, J. H., & Bahn, G. H. (2019) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.190014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Telomeres and Lifestyle Choices
Biray, C. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/38254 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bhardwaj, S., Ali, A., & Paul, F. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1805594 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Telomeres, which protect chromosomal integrity, progressively shorten with repeated cell division and exposure to stress (Humphreys et al., 2012).”
Abusive Supervision as Predictor of Perceived Stress and Cyberloafing at Work
Duran, B., & Metin-Orta, I. (2024) · İş ve İnsan Dergisi · doi:10.18394/iid.1395152 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in the United States
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“Women who are in a state of chronic stress and undergoing “domestic” violence showed decreased activity of telomerase and shortening of telomeres of peripheral blood monocytes [57].”
BackgroundIntimate Partner Violence Prevention Programs in North Carolina
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“The body’s telomere shortening process is associated with aging and a higher risk of death [5].”
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“Previous research has also shown an association between telomere shortening and biobehavioral symptoms [66], such as depression [28], stress [67], and violence [68].”
BackgroundZhi, A. C. H., Malek, M., & Bahari, F. (2017) · International Journal of Academic Research in Psychology · doi:10.6007/ijarp/v3-i2/2556
“Generalizing from Qualitative Research.”
BackgroundInfluentialSaliques, S. (2011) · doi:10.70675/74e4b519z2a49z479bzac85zc3e39dc705c2
“C’est le cas des enfants ayant subi une maltraitance [81, 82] mais également des femmes ayant eu un enfant issu d’un viol [83].”
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The Impact of Stress, Depression, and Other Psychosocial Factors on Women’s Cardiovascular Health
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“Interestingly, one recent study demonstrated that there is a stress related shortening of telomeres in the cells of women taking care of chronically ill children and among women who were formerly abused [ 24 , 25 ].”
BackgroundPsychosocial Factors and Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood
Parks, C. G., & DeRoo, L. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4776-4_7
- Authors
- Humphreys, J., Epel, E. S., Cooper, B. A., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., & Lee, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Humphreys, Janice
- Venue
- Biological Research For Nursing
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-03-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 115-123
- ISSN
- 1099-8004 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4175
- PMC
- PMC3207021
- OpenAlex
- W1980157348
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Research For Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024131)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- telomere length, intimate partner violence, chronic psychological stress, cellular aging, women, leukocyte telomeres, having children, stress biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Base Sequence, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Biomarkers, Case-Control Studies, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Telomere, Domestic Violence, DNA Primers, Young Adult
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