Unraveling the molecular details involved in the intimate link between the immune and neuroendocrine systems
Abstract
During systemic infections, the immune system can signal the brain and act on different neuronal circuits via soluble molecules, such as proinflammatory cytokines, that act on the cells forming the blood-brain barrier and the circumventricular organs. These activated cells release prostaglandin of the E(2) type (PGE(2)), which is the endogenous ligand that triggers the pathways involved in the control of autonomic functions necessary to restore homeostasis and provide inhibitory feedback to innate immunity. Among these neurophysiological functions, activation of the circuits that control the plasma release of glucocorticoids is probably the most critical to the survival of the host in the presence of pathogens. This review revisits this issue and describes in depth the molecular details (including the emerging role of Toll-like receptors during inflammation) underlying the influence of circulating inflammatory molecules on the cerebral tissue, focusing on their contribution in the synthesis and action PGE(2) in the brain. We also provide an innovative view supporting the concept of "fast and delayed response" involving the same ligands but different groups of cells, signal transduction pathways, and target genes.
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Multiple non-exclusive pathways activate the HPA axis upon cerebral or peripheral immune challenges, including local inflammatory mediators, circulating factors accessing the PVN via circumventricular organs or a disrupted blood-brain barrier, endothelial signaling, and vagus nerve afferents.
“Multiple non-exclusive pathways participate in the activation of the HPA axis upon cerebral or peripheral immune challenges. When an immunogenic insult takes place in the brain, various inflammatory mediators produced locally may trigger the HPA axis.”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
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Skelly, D., Hennessy, E., Dansereau, M., & Cunningham, C. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069123 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“Receptors for both TNFα and IL-1β have been demonstrated on endothelial cells [43] and both these and perivascular macrophages are highly receptive to circulating IL-1β and TNF-α [52], transducing inflammation into the brain parenchyma via NFκB activation [53], PGE2 synthesis [54] and contributing to sickness behaviou…”
BackgroundTeeling, J. L., & Perry, V. H. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.031 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Reflex control of inflammation by sympathetic nerves, not the vagus
Martelli, D., Yao, S. T., McKinley, M. J., & McAllen, R. M. (2014) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268573 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Post-COVID-19 Depressive Symptoms: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Treatment
Mazza, M. G., Palladini, M., Poletti, S., & Benedetti, F. (2022) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00931-3 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“Glucocorticoids then act as negative feedback on the inflammatory response [89] to avoid the deleterious effects of excessive production of inflammatory mediators.”
BackgroundBratton, B. O., Martelli, D., McKinley, M. J., Trevaks, D., Anderson, C. R., & McAllen, R. M. (2012) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061531 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“…alter body temperature (Romanovsky et al. 2005), ∗B.O.B. and D.M. contributed equally to this work. stimulate the hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenal axis (Turrin & Rivest, 2004) and it can activate specific pathways within the sympathetic nervous system, whose main action is to damp down the cellular…”
BackgroundAmbrogini, P., Torquato, P., Bartolini, D., Albertini, M. C., Lattanzi, D., Palma, M. D., Marinelli, R., Betti, M., Minelli, A., Cuppini, R., et al. (2019) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.026 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Regulatory and Mechanistic Actions of Glucocorticoids on T and Inflammatory Cells
Liberman, A. C., Budziñski, M. L., Sokn, C., Gobbini, R. P., Steininger, A., & ARZT, E. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00235 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Fever Production and Lysis: Lessons from Experimental LPS Fever
Roth, J., & Blatteis, C. M. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130033 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Inflammatory mediators in major depression and bipolar disorder
Poletti, S., Mazza, M. G., & Benedetti, F. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02921-z · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Normally, glucocorticoids then act as negative feedback on the in fl ammatory response [159] to avoid the deleterious effects of excessive production of in fl ammatory mediators.”
BackgroundGárate, I., García‐Bueno, B., Madrigal, J. L. M., Bravo, L., Berrocoso, E., Caso, J. R., Micó, J. A., & Leza, J. C. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-151 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“PGE2 is known as one of the main inflammatory and oxido-nitrosative mediators in brain after multiple stimuli [34].”
BackgroundSensory circumventricular organs in health and disease
Sisó, S., Jeffrey, M., & González, L. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0743-5 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Such cytokines may pass from the CVOs into the brain by diffusion and activate the febril response indirectly by acting on the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, the area that regulates the body temperature [30, 116, 138, 142].”
Idiopathic Cystitis in Domestic Cats—Beyond the Lower Urinary Tract
Buffington, C. A. T. (2011) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0732.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Gosselin, D., & Rivest, S. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.12.004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Infection, immunity and the neuroendocrine response
Borghetti, P., Saleri, R., Mocchegiani, E., Corradi, A., & Martelli, P. R. (2009) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.01.013 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“circumventricular sites, or by BBB breakdown due to a pathological condition; (b) by active transport across the BBB; (c) moreover, cytokines may also trigger pro-inflammatory signals in the brain through the interaction with receptors on BBB endothelial cells and the subsequent increased synthesis and release of seco…”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanisms of Neuroimmunity and Neurodegeneration Associated with HIV-1 Infection and AIDS
Kaul, M., & Lipton, S. A. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-006-9011-9 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“activation of all cell types in the CNS (Turrin and Rivest, 2004; Chakravarty and Herkenham, 2005), the”
BackgroundHormones, immune response, and pregnancy in healthy women and SLE patients.
Zen, M., Ghirardello, A., Iaccarino, L., Tonon, M., Campana, C., Arienti, S., Rampudda, M., Canova, M., & Doria, A. (2010) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2010.12597 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gosselin, D., & Rivest, S. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002122 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationDo aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism?
Tomljenovic, L., & Shaw, C. A. (2011) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.08.008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The role of adrenal gland microenvironment in the HPA axis function and dysfunction during sepsis
Kanczkowski, W., Sue, M., Zacharowski, K., Reincke, M., & Bornstein, S. R. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.019 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The effects of ozone exposure and associated injury mechanisms on the central nervous system
Martínez-Lazcano, J. C., González-Guevara, E., del Carmen Rubio, M., Franco-Pérez, J., Custodio, V., Hernández-Cerón, M., Livera, C., & Paz, C. (2013) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2012-0084 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Adjacent cells produce cytokines de novo , which supports the production of soluble factors that activate neurons directly or indirectly through astroglial (microglia and astrocytes) activation (Turrin and Rivest, 2004).”
BackgroundSignals generating anorexia during acute illness
Langhans, W. (2007) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665107005587 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Several lines of evidence suggest, however, that non-neural cells of the BBB are the most important site of cytokine action in response to LPS (see Fig. 1). BBB EC and perivascular cells such as microglia and macrophages, presumably together with blood monocytes, have emerged as a highly-complex regulatory interface c…”
BackgroundMolecular and cellular immune mediators of neuroprotection
Turrin, N. P., & Rivest, S. (2006) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1385/mn:34:3:221 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationHIV's double strike at the brain: neuronal toxicity and compromised neurogenesis
Kaul, M. (2007) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2860 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Apparently, a peripheral infection, its associated immune response and inflammatory processes can influence all cell types in the CNS (22,23).”
Yoshida, A., Furube, E., Mannari, T., Takayama, Y., Kittaka, H., Tominaga, M., & Miyata, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26088 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Skelly, D. T., Hennessy, E., Dansereau, M.-A., & Cunningham, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/90c76048-2edd-4315-8404-4d9d8cbd411e · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Molecular Aspects of Fever and Hyperthermia
Roth, J., Rummel, C. D., Barth, S. W., Gerstberger, R., & Hübschle, T. (2006) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2006.03.004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Blais, V., Turrin, N. P., & Rivest, S. (2005) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03480.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“PGs participate in the regulation of vascular homeostasis, kidney function, ovulation and parturition, but PGE2 is the main PG implicated in the inflammatory response, pain, fever and autonomic functions (for reviews, see Zhang and Rivest 2003; Turrin and Rivest 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImmune‐Neuroendocrine Interactions and Autoimmune Diseases
Jara, L. J., Navarro, C., Medina, G., Lastra, O. L. V., & Blanco, F. (2006) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1080/17402520600877059 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“of glucocorticoids (GCs) is the most powerful endogenous mechanisms to suppress the inflammatory response genes and the Toll receptor signaling (Medzhitov and Janeway 2000; Turrin and Rivest 2004) (Figure 1).”
BackgroundMerlo, E., Podratz, P. L., Sena, G. C., de Araújo, J. F. P., Freitas‐Lima, L. C., Alves, I. S. S., da Gama-de-Souza, L. N., Pelição, R., Rodrigues, L. C. M., Brandão, P. A. A., et al. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1896 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Thomson, E. M., Kumarathasan, P., Calderón‐Garcidueñas, L., & Vincent, R. (2007) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.06.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mattsson, M., & Simkó, M. (2012) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.011 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The neuroendocrine control of the innate immune system in health and brain diseases
Bellavance, M., & Rivest, S. (2012) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01129.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Indeed, neurons and glial cells can be exposed to peripheral immunogenic stimuli either through the fenestrated endothelium of the circumventricular organs (CVOs) or a disrupted ⁄ leaky BBB in pathological settings (46, 49).”
BackgroundVisceral brain–body information transfer
Cameron, O. G. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Promising genetic investigations are just beginning to investigate potential links among these systems (e.g., Turrin and Rivest (2004), in the immune system; Kiba (2006), for gastrointestinal tract function).”
BackgroundRoth, J. (2006) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.013 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kanczkowski, W., Sue, M., & Bornstein, S. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00156 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A new look on brain mechanisms of acute illness anorexia
Asarian, L., & Langhans, W. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
ARDS associated acute brain injury: from the lung to the brain
Ziaka, M., & Exadaktylos, A. K. (2022) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-022-00780-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Moreover, common causes of acute lung injury such as trauma, infections, or surgery not only affect the lungs but also generate further systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction through dysregulated production of inflammatory mediators, excessive endothelial dysfunction, alterations of the blood–brain barrier (BBB),…”
BackgroundMravec, B., Gidron, Y., & Hulín, I. (2007) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.12.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Molecular Aspects of Fever and Hyperthermia
Roth, J., Rummel, C. D., Barth, S. W., Gerstberger, R., & Hübschle, T. (2009) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Role for Brain Cyclooxygenase‐2 and Prostaglandin‐E2 in Migraine: Effects of Nitroglycerin
Tassorelli, C., Greco, R., Armentero, M., Blandini, F., Sandrini, G., & Nappi, G. (2007) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(07)82020-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Postnatal programming of the innate immune response
Galic, M. A., Spencer, S. J., Mouihate, A., & Pittman, Q. J. (2009) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icp025 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Glucocorticoids are known to modify cytokine expression, chiefly via their actions on NFkB activity (Conti et al. 2004; Turrin and Rivest 2004), and have previously been shown to be altered by postnatal immune challenge, albeit under different conditions (Shanks et al. 1995, 2000), making them good…”
BackgroundMechanisms of Neurologic Failure in Critical Illness
Pustavoitau, A., & Stevens, R. D. (2008) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2007.11.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In animal models, lipopolysaccharide challenge, proinflammatory cytokine administration, or cecal ligation are associated with altered blood–brain barrier function, entry of circulating inflammatory mediators into the CNS, activation of brain innate and adaptive immune systems [60,61], and induction of neuronal and gl…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in critical illness
Venkataraman, S., Munoz, R., Cândido, C., & Witchel, S. (2007) · Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-007-9058-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“These responses involve crosstalk between components of the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems [2].”
BackgroundLuo, C., Ma, L., Liu, H., Liao, W., Xu, R., Ci, Z., Lin, J., Han, L., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.556885 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Autoimmune diseases and their relation with immunological, neurological and endocrinological axes
Coronel-Restrepo, N., Posso‐Osorio, I., Naranjo-Escobar, J., & Tobón, G. J. (2017) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.05.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Toll-Like Receptors in Endocrine Disease and Diabetes
Kanczkowski, W., Ziegler, C., Zacharowski, K. D., & Bornstein, S. (2008) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000135624 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
α-Tocopherol and Hippocampal Neural Plasticity in Physiological and Pathological Conditions
Ambrogini, P., Betti, M., Galati, C., Palma, M. D., Lattanzi, D., Savelli, D., Galli, F., Cuppini, R., & Minelli, A. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17122107 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The interface between cholinergic pathways and the immune system and its relevance to arthritis
McAllen, R. M., Cook, A. D., Khiew, H. W., Martelli, D., & Hamilton, J. A. (2015) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0597-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In parallel with this neural reflex, but slower to act, is the release of glucocorticoids by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [24,25].”
BackgroundThe social environment and IL-6 in rats and humans
Saxton, K. B., John‐Henderson, N. A., Reid, M., & Francis, D. D. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.05.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“maternal care, acute stress, and chronic stress (Turrin and Rivest, 2004)).”
BackgroundVEGF ‐dependent continuous angiogenesis in the median eminence of adult mice
Morita, S., Ukai, S., & Miyata, S. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12047 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Leisewitz, A. L., Goddard, A., Clift, S. J., Thompson, P. N., de Gier, J., Engelshoven, J. M. A. J. A. J. V., & Schoeman, J. P. (2019) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.06.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fever and Antipyretic Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Multi-Pathway Regulation
Ma, L.-L., Liu, H., Luo, C., He, Y., Wang, F., Huang, H., Han, L., Yang, M., Xu, R., & Zhang, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.583279 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“, 2016); which through the BBB, then activate the thermal neurons in the front of the hypothalamus, causing fever (Steiner et al., 2006a; Turrin and Rivest, 2004).”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Xie, X., Xia, L., Lv, H., Lou, F., Ren, Y., He, Z., & Luo, X.-G. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0994-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“(b) Immune tolerant PBM may decrease the pro-inflammatory cytokines infiltrating from periphery into the brain correspondingly [39, 40].”
BackgroundCentral and peripheral neuroimmune responses: hyporesponsiveness during pregnancy
Spencer, S. J., Mouihate, A., Galic, M. A., & Pittman, Q. J. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.144006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…evidence that an initial response involves the rapid stimulation of PGE2 production via the activation of constitutively expressed COX-1, perhaps directly activated by toll-like receptors in the brain vasculature (Turrin & Rivest, 2004) or possibly via free radical generation (Riedel et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialTemperature Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Fever
Sajadi, M. M., & Mackowiak, P. A. (2015) · Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00055-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The behavioral study on the interactive aggravation between pruritus and depression
Wang, X., Yang, G., Bai, Y., Feng, Y., & Li, H. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.964 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…pass through blood brain barrier, they could get access to the central nervous system via some unique mechanisms (Banks, 2005; Goehler et al., 2000; Turrin & Rivest, 2004) and contribute to the synthesis of cytokines in central nervous system, thus activating hypothalamus and other brain regions…”
BackgroundRorato, R. C., Menezes, A. M., Giusti‐Paiva, A., de Castro, M., Antunes‐Rodrigues, J., & Elias, L. L. K. (2008) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2008.045435 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It is also postulated that PGE2 acts on its EP3 receptor on GABAergic afferents to the PVN, decreasing the inhibitory inputs to the CRF neurons (Turrin & Rivest, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialDo pathogen exposure and innate immunity cause brain diseases?
Simard, A. R., & Rivest, S. (2005) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1179/016164105x49526 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Turrin, N. P., Plante, M.-M., Lessard, M., & Rivest, S. (2007) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0508 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Borghetti, P., Saleri, R., Ferrari, L., Morganti, M. M., Angelis, E. D., Franceschi, V., Bottarelli, E., & Martelli, P. R. (2010) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2010.06.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mravec, B., Gidron, Y., Kukanova, B., Bízik, J., Kiss, A., & Hulín, I. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.07.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ottinger, C. A., Honeyfield, D. C., Densmore, C. L., & Iwanowicz, L. R. (2012) · Journal of Aquatic Animal Health · doi:10.1080/08997659.2012.713890 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The interaction between the neuroendocrine axis and immune function is well established in mammals and lower vertebrates including fish (Chiappelli et al. D ow nl oa de d by [ Se lc uk U ni ve rs ite si ] at 0 4: 10 0 7 Fe br ua ry 2 01 5 1993; Turrin and Rivest 2004; Borghetti et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMechanisms of Fever Production and Lysis: Lessons from Experimental LPS Fever
Roth, J., & Blatteis, C. M. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00582.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Interestingly, not only cytokines but also LPS and other PAMPs can directly influence CVOs, brain endothelial cells, and perivascular cells due to the existence of the diverse TLRs in these cells and tissues (377, 474).”
InfluentialPetramala, L., Olmati, F., Conforti, M. G., Concistrè, A., Bisogni, V., Alfieri, N., Iannucci, G., Toma, G. D., & Letizia, C. (2018) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2018/1464967 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it is known that in humans the inappropriate endogen secretion or exogen administration of cortisol may determine immunosuppression [12].”
BackgroundNeuropeptide W Attenuates Oxidative Multi-Organ Injury in Rats Induced with Intra-Abdominal Sepsis
Atıcı, A. E., Tamer, S. A., Levent, H. N., Eyüboğlu, İ. P., Ercan, F., Akkіprіk, M., & Yeğen, B. Ç. (2021) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-021-01545-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Danis, B., van Rikxoort, M., Kretschmann, A., Zhang, J., Godard, P., Andonovic, L., Siegel, F., Niehusmann, P., Hanon, É., Delev, D., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33943 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
α-MSH and γ-MSH modulate early release of hypothalamic PGE2 and NO induced by IL-1β differently
Cragnolini, A. B., Caruso, C. M., Lasaga, M., & Scimonelli, T. N. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.034 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Morita, S., Hourai, A., & Miyata, S. (2013) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.2971 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Santacroce, L., Colella, M., Charitos, I. A., Domenico, M. D., Palmirotta, R., & Jirillo, E. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13030461 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pituitary Function During Severe and Life-threatening Illnesses
Gauna, C., den Berghe, G. V., & van der Lely, A. J. (2005) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-006-6043-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chang, C.-H., Huang, W.-T., Kao, C.-H., Chen, S.-H., & Lin, C. (2013) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-013-0606-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“PGE2 acts as the main endogenous brain ligand not only to trigger the fever pathways, but also those participating in the activation of the hypothalamicpituitary adrenal axis [45, 46].”
BackgroundXia, L., Xie, X., Liu, Y., & Luo, X. (2017) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-017-2334-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The probable mechanisms of neuroinflammatory alleviation due to PBM tolerance are showed as follows: (1) the proinflammatory cytokine in periphery could permeate the BBB [32] and then activate the microglia and astrocytes [33].”
BackgroundRazi, O., Tartibian, B., Teixeira, A. M., Zamani, N., Govindasamy, K., Suzuki, K., Laher, I., & Zouhal, H. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103557 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…3 – 14 days (Garrett et al., 2011), with the initial changes in the cardiovascular system associated with hypervolemia (Lorenzo et al., 2010; Nielsen et al., 1993; Shvartz et al., 1977; Weller et al., 2007) and secondary adaptations related to sweat production (Nielsen et al., 1993; Roberts…”
Fièvre et cancer : éléments de diagnostic pour une prise en charge adaptée
Moussaid, Y., Bertaux, M., Chargari, C., Hélissey, C., Moulec, S. L., Errihani, H. H., & Védrine, L. (2012) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2012.10.368 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Hypothalamus is the Central Organ of Immunoregulation
Berczi, I., & Arnason, B. G. W. (2010) · Neuroimmune biology · doi:10.1016/s1567-7443(10)70006-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kaul, M., & Lipton, S. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70830-0_13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“immune response and inflammatory processes can influence all cell types in the CNS (Turrin and Rivest, 2004; Chakravarty and Herkenham, 2005).”
BackgroundRetrospective Analysis of Fever in Pediatric Age: Our Experience over the Last 5 Years
Valenzise, M., D’Amico, F., Barbera, G. L., Cassone, C. M., Patafi, S., Lombardo, F., Aversa, T., Wasniewska, M. G., Salzano, G., & Morace, C. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11050539 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This is followed by the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which activates thermal neurons in the anterior hypothalamus to a higher thermal balance point [7,8].”
BackgroundNeuro-Endocrine-Immune Interactions in Maintaining the Integrity of the Body
Drela, N. (2024) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73061-0_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sickness behaviors in chronic cholestasis
Aspinall, A. I., & Adams, D. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21032 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Etiopathogenesis of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis
Westropp, J. L., & Buffington, C. A. T. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160423-4/50050-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adaptive (Hypothalamic) and Innate Immunoregulation
Berczi, I., Quintanar‐Stephano, A., & Kovács, K. (2011) · Advances in Neuroimmune Biology · doi:10.3233/nib-2011-028
“NO has also been proposed as a mediator of significance in the hypothalamus [19, 36–38].”
BackgroundBrandão, W. N. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2013.tde-16092013-160405
Immune System–Neuroendocrine Interactions
Rivest, S. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045046-9.01180-3
The Role of Systemic Inflammation in the Development of Equine Laminitis
Tadros, E. M. (2011)
HIV treatment: mechanisms of neurotoxicity and implications for targeted therapy
Lu, Y., & Wu (2012) · Neurobehavioral HIV Medicine · doi:10.2147/nbhiv.s24914
“231 Besides glia, macrophages, and astrocytes, BMVECs may play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV in the CNS.”
InfluentialMolecular Neurology of HIV-1 Infection and AIDS
Kaul, M., & Lipton, S. A. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369509-3.50036-6
Fever: Mediators and Mechanisms
Roth, J. (2017) · Wiley-VCH eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527692156.ch33
NEUROENDOCRINE ROLE IN INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS AND CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN IN WOMEN
Buffington, C. A. T. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-2339-5.50139-7
The role of inflammatory signaling in comorbid depression and epilepsy
Tchekalarova, J. D., Atanasova, D., & Lazarov, N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817935-2.00041-6
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“The HPA is initiated by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that trigger the activation of the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus and leads to the subsequent release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland during infection [15].”
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Pongen, R. (2023) · International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) · doi:10.21275/sr23618205728
- Authors
- Turrin, N. P., & Rivest, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rivest, Serge
- ORCID
- Rivest, Serge
- Venue
- Experimental Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 229
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 996-1006
- ISSN
- 0071-3384 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-3702
- 1535-3699
- OpenAlex
- W1760516212
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- neuroimmune interactions, neuroendocrine system, inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin E2, blood-brain barrier, circumventricular organs, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Toll-like receptors, systemic infection, inflammation, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autonomic Nervous System, Blood-Brain Barrier, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immune System, Molecular Biology, Neurosecretory Systems, Receptors, Cell Surface, Dinoprostone, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators
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