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Cited by 19Helminth infection and controlParasitic Diseases Research and TreatmentMollusks and Parasites Studies

Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum: the contemporaneous detection in kennels

Open access
Del Prete, Luisa, Maurelli, Maria Paola, Pennacchio, Saverio, Bosco, Antonio, Musella, Vincenzo, Ciuca, Lavinia, Cringoli, Giuseppe, Rinaldi, Laura·2015·BMC Veterinary Research
DOI 10.1186/s12917-015-0619-yPMC PMC4687387
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The cardiopulmonary nematodes Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum are increasingly reported in dogs and are responsible for two diseases with overlapping endemic areas, especially in Europe: dirofilariosis and angiostrongylosis. The reasons for their apparent emergence are unknown, but several factors (e.g. increased disease awareness, better diagnostic tools, climatic changes, seasonal population dynamics and movements of animals) may play a role in the recent rise in reports of infection in the various countries of Europe. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of D. immitis (by DiroCHECK® ELISA) and the fecal presence of first stage larvae (L1) of A. vasorum (by FLOTAC) in dogs from 68 kennels of the Campania region (southern Italy). The fecal samples were collected from pooled samples using the box as epidemiological unit. To the authors's knowledge, this is the first cross-sectional survey conducted at regional-scale in Italy and in Europe on the contemporaneous detection of D. immitis antigens and A. vasorum L1 in kennels. RESULTS: Antigens of D. immitis were detected in 24/537 (4.4%; 95% Confidence Interval = 3.0-6.7) dogs in 6 out of the 68 kennels (8.8%; 95% CI = 3.6-18.9). The 24 positive samples for D. immitis antigen were tested also with AngioDetect® and only 1 sample was seropositive for A. vasorum with a prevalence of 4.2%. A. vasorum L1 were detected in dogs from 9 out of the 68 kennels (13.2%; 95% CI = 21.8-44.9). Pooled fecal samples from 25 boxes out of the 1360 analyzed resulted positive to A. vasorum L1 (1.8%; 95% CI = 1.2-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that cardiopulmonary nematodes are present in Campania region in symptomatic dogs as well as in asymptomatic ones. Therefore, regular parasitological surveillance, appropriate treatment strategies and high quality standard of hygiene are required to guarantee the health and welfare of kennel dogs.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This cross-sectional survey in 68 kennels in Campania, southern Italy, detected *Dirofilaria immitis* antigens in 24/537 dogs (4.4%) and *Angiostrongylus vasorum* L1 in pooled feces from 25/1360 boxes (1.8%). The authors conclude both cardiopulmonary nematodes circulate in kenneled dogs, including asymptomatic animals.

Key findings

  • *D. immitis* antigens were detected in 24/537 dogs (4.4%; 95% CI = 3.0–6.7) from 6/68 kennels (8.8%; 95% CI = 3.6–18.9).
  • Of the 24 *D. immitis*-positive sera tested with AngioDetect®, only 1 was seropositive for *A. vasorum* (4.2%; 95% CI = 0.2–23.1); this dog showed no clinical signs and *A. vasorum* L1 were detected in its corresponding box.
  • *A. vasorum* L1 were detected in dogs from 9/68 kennels (13.2%; 95% CI = 21.8–44.9 as reported; LPG min = 4, max = 106, mean = 25.1), and pooled fecal samples from 25/1360 boxes were positive (1.8%; 95% CI = 1.2–2.7).
  • The mean number of *A. vasorum*-positive boxes per kennel was 2.8 (min 1, max 7).

Methods

  • Cross-sectional survey conducted June 2012–August 2013 in all 68 public kennels of the Campania region, southern Italy; 537 blood samples (5–10 per kennel) were collected from dogs hosted for at least 2 years.
  • Sera were tested for *D. immitis* using DiroCHEK® ELISA; *D. immitis*-positive sera were also tested with AngioDetect® for *A. vasorum* antigens.
  • Pooled fecal samples from 20 boxes per kennel (1360 total; box as epidemiological unit, 1–4 dogs/box, mean = 2.4 dogs) were analyzed by FLOTAC for *A. vasorum* L1 using a zinc sulphate-based solution (specific gravity = 1.20; analytic sensitivity = 2 LPG).

Limitations

  • The authors state: the history of kenneled dogs was unknown, including whether they were all native to Campania; blood could not be collected from all dogs examined coprologically due to aggressiveness of kennel animals; and use of pooled fecal samples means the 13.2% *A. vasorum* positivity cannot be directly compared with prevalences from individual-sample studies.
  • Evident from the text: the reported 95% CI for kennel-level *A. vasorum* (21.8–44.9) does not bracket the stated 13.2%, suggesting a typographical or calculation issue in the paper.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12917-015-0619-y

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The mean number of A. vasorum-positive boxes per kennel was 2.8 (min 1, max 7).

    “The mean number of A. vasorum positive boxes/kennel was 2.8 (min 1- max 7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Among the 24 D. immitis antigen-positive samples tested with AngioDetect, 1 sample was seropositive for A. vasorum (4.2%; 95% CI 0.2-23.1).

    “Only 1 sample (4.2 %; 95 % CI = 0.2–23.1) resulted positive for A. vasorum antigens.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Dirofilaria immitis antigens were detected in dogs from 6 out of 68 kennels (8.8%; 95% CI 3.6-18.9).

    “Antigens of D. immitis were detected in 24/537 (4.4 %; 95 % Confidence Interval = 3.0–6.7) dogs in 6 out of the 68 kennels (8.8 %; 95 % CI = 3.6–18.9).”
    • Also stated in: § Results and discussion · plain
      “Antigens of D. immitis were detected in dogs from 6 out of the 68 kennels (8.8 %; 95 % CI = 3.6–18.9).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Pooled fecal samples from 25 boxes out of 1360 analyzed were positive to A. vasorum L1 (1.8%; 95% CI 1.2-2.7).

    “Pooled fecal samples from 25 boxes out of the 1360 analyzed resulted positive to A. vasorum L1 (1.8 %; 95 % CI = 1.2–2.7).”
    • Also stated in: § Results and discussion · plain
      “Pooled fecal samples from 25 boxes out of the 1360 analyzed resulted positive to A. vasorum L1 (1.8 %; 95 % CI = 1.2–2.7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Dirofilaria immitis antigens were detected in 24 of 537 dogs (4.4%; 95% CI 3.0-6.7).

    “Antigens of D. immitis were detected in 24/537 (4.4 %; 95 % Confidence Interval = 3.0–6.7) dogs in 6 out of the 68 kennels (8.8 %; 95 % CI = 3.6–18.9).”
    • Also stated in: § Results and discussion · plain
      “Specifically, 24/537 (4.4 %; 95 % CI = 3.0–6.7) dogs of 6 kennels were positive to D. immitis (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 11
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The dog positive for A. vasorum antigens did not show any clinical sign, and A. vasorum L1 were detected in the corresponding box.

    “This dog did not show any clinical sign and A. vasorum L1 were detected in the corresponding box (see below).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Angiostrongylus vasorum infection is considered endemic in certain areas of Europe, including regions of Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.

    “A. vasorum infection is considered endemic in certain areas of Europe, including regions of Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Elsheikha HM, Holmes SA, Wright I, Morgan ER, Lacher DW. Recent advances in the epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic features, and control of canine cardio- pulmonary angiostrongylosis. Vet Res. 2014;45:92. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dirofilaria immitis has spread in recent years in Europe due to climate change, the spreading of Aedes albopictus, and the introduction of the new vector Aedes koreicus.

    “D. immitis has spread in the last years in Europe due to climate change, the spreading of mosquito Aedes albopictus and the introduction of new vector Aedes koreicus [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Montarsi F, Ciocchetta S, Devine G, Ravagnan S, Mutinelli F, Frangipane di Regalbono A, et al. Development of Dirofilaria immitis within the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a new invasive species for Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:177. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The present study expands on a recently published study by Rinaldi et al. that described a case of fatal disseminated A. vasorum infection in the same region.

    “Our present study expands on that recently published by Rinaldi et al [32] which described a case of fatal disseminated A. vasorum infection in the same region.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Rinaldi L, Cortese L, Meomartino L, Pagano TB, Pepe P, Cringoli G, et al. Angiostrongylus vasorum: epidemiological, clinical and histopathological insights. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:236. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The country list for A. vasorum is growing as its geographic distribution continues to evolve in several countries of Europe.

    “The country list is growing as the A. vasorum geographic distribution continues to evolve in several countries of Europe [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Elsheikha HM, Holmes SA, Wright I, Morgan ER, Lacher DW. Recent advances in the epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic features, and control of canine cardio- pulmonary angiostrongylosis. Vet Res. 2014;45:92. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dirofilaria immitis is present not only in the hyperendemic area of the Po River Valley but also from northern to southern regions of the Italian peninsula, including islands where the infection is now endemic.

    “Today D. immitis is present not only in the hyperendemic area of the Po River Valley [3, 16], but from northern to southern regions of Italian peninsula as reviewed in Otranto et al. [17], including islands [18] where the infection is now endemic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] Otranto D, Capelli G, Genchi C. Changing distribution patterns of canine vector borne diseases in Italy: Leishmaniosis vs. dirofilariosis. Parasit Vectors. 2009;2(Suppl I):S2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Pipia AP, Varcasia A, Tosciri G, Seu S, Manunta ML, Mura MC, et al. New insights onto cardiopulmonary nematodes of dogs in Sardinia, Italy. Parasitol Res. 2014;113(4):1505–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A limit of the study was the use of pooled fecal samples; the percentage of positivity for A. vasorum found in this study (13.2%) cannot directly be compared with prevalence from other studies based on individual samples.

    “Third, the using of pooled fecal samples; the percentage of positivity for A. vasorum found in this study (13.2 %) cannot directly be compared with prevalence of other study based on individual samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Direct wild canid-dog interaction is not necessary for transmission of A. vasorum from one to the other because transmission occurs via ingestion of L3 (in gastropods or frogs, or possibly free in the environment).

    “Direct wild canid-dog interaction is not necessary for (and does not lead to) transmission of this parasite from one to the other because transmission occurs via ingestion of L3 (in gastropods or frogs, or possibly free in the environment) [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Elsheikha HM, Holmes SA, Wright I, Morgan ER, Lacher DW. Recent advances in the epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic features, and control of canine cardio- pulmonary angiostrongylosis. Vet Res. 2014;45:92. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Angiostrongylus vasorum infection can cause severe clinical signs: respiratory dysfunctions, bleeding, neurological, ocular, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptomatology, and skin lesions.

    “The scenario of A. vasorum infection is alarming if we consider the clinical signs can be severe: respiratory dysfunctions, bleeding, neurological, ocular, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptomatology, skin lesions [12, 33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Koch J, Willesen JL. Canine pulmonary angiostrongylosis: an update. Vet J. 2009;179(3):348–59. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Meloni S, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Milillo P, Pampurini F, et al. Canine angiostrongylosis in Italy: occurrence of Angiostrongylus vasorum in dogs with compatible clinical pictures. Parasitol Res. 2013;112(7):2473–80. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Angiostrongylus vasorum infection may be asymptomatic, especially in the early stages, and affected dogs can develop clinical signs after months to years from infection.

    “Even if current data of this disease are referred to symptomatic dogs, A. vasorum infection may be also asymptomatic, especially in the early stages and so affected dogs can develop clinical signs after months to years from the infection [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Elsheikha HM, Holmes SA, Wright I, Morgan ER, Lacher DW. Recent advances in the epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic features, and control of canine cardio- pulmonary angiostrongylosis. Vet Res. 2014;45:92. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical importance of A. vasorum has grown in the last 20 years and is correlated especially with increased urbanization of the red fox, which acts as a reservoir host representing a potential infection for dogs.

    “Knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical importance of A. vasorum has grown in the last 20 years and is correlated especially with increased urbanization of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) which acts as a reservoir host representing a potential infection for dogs [21, 22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] Santoro M, D’Alessio N, Di Prisco F, Neola B, Restucci B, Pagano TB, et al. Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in southern Italy. Acta Parasitol. 2015;60(2):356–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Taylor CS, Garcia Gato R, Learmount J, Aziz NA, Montgomery C, Rose H, et al. Increased prevalence and geographic spread of the cardiopulmonary nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum in fox populations in Great Britain. Parasitology. 2015;142(9):1190–5. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Angiostrongylus vasorum is spreading from northern to southern Italy, especially in the central regions that offer ideal environmental and epidemiological conditions for the expansion of this parasite and the establishment of further new endemic foci.

    “Similarly, A. vasorum is undoubtedly spreading from northern to southern Italy, especially in the central regions that offer ideal environmental and epidemiological conditions for the expansion of this parasite and the establishment of further new endemic foci [19, 20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Di Cesare A, Castagna G, Meloni S, Milillo P, Latrofa S, Otranto D, et al. Canine and feline infections by cardiopulmonary nematodes in central and southern Italy. Parasitol Res. 2011;1:S87–96. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Guardone L, Schnyder M, Macchioni F, Deplazes P, Magi M. Serological detection of circulating Angiostrongylus vasorum antigen and specific antibodies in dogs from central and northern Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2013;192(1-3):192–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Current epidemiological data confirm the expanding trend of D. immitis in Italy, as observed in the rest of Europe.

    “Current epidemiological data confirm the expanding trend of D. immitis in Italy, as observed in the rest of Europe [3, 15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Traversa D, Petric D, Genchi C, et al. Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Mortarino M, Genchi M, Cringoli G. Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009;26;163(4):286–92. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    A limit of the study was the impossibility of collecting blood from all the dogs examined by coprological techniques due to the aggressiveness of the kennel animals.

    “Second, the impossibility to collect the blood from all the dogs examined by coprological techniques due to the aggressiveness of the kennel animals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The most important and best-studied wildlife reservoir for A. vasorum infection is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes).

    “The most important and best-studied wildlife reservoir for A. vasorum infection is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) [13, 22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] Elsheikha HM, Holmes SA, Wright I, Morgan ER, Lacher DW. Recent advances in the epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic features, and control of canine cardio- pulmonary angiostrongylosis. Vet Res. 2014;45:92. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Taylor CS, Garcia Gato R, Learmount J, Aziz NA, Montgomery C, Rose H, et al. Increased prevalence and geographic spread of the cardiopulmonary nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum in fox populations in Great Britain. Parasitology. 2015;142(9):1190–5. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DiroCHEK ELISA has a sensitivity of 85-100% and a specificity of 100%.

    “DiroCHEK® ELISA (Synbiotics, San Diego, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (sensitivity = 85–100 % and specificity = 100 %) [25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Courtney CH, Zeng Q. Comparison of heartworm antigen test kit performance in dogs having low heartworm burdens. Vet Parasitol. 2001;317–322. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AngioDetect has a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 100%.

    “AngioDetect® (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA) (sensitivity = 84.6 %; specificity = 100 %) [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Schnyder M, Stebler K, Naucke TJ, Lorentz S, Deplazes P. Evaluation of a rapid device for serological in-clinic diagnosis of canine angiostrongylosis. Parasit Vectors. 2014;18(7):72. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Usually, few anthelmintic treatments per season are used in these kennels, with the number of treatments given per year ranging from 1 (15%), 2 (75%) to 3 (10%), using broad-spectrum antiparasitic drugs.

    “Usually, few anthelmintic treatments per season are used in these kennels, with the number of treatments given per year ranging from 1 (15 %), 2 (75 %) to 3 (10 %) and using broad-spectrum antiparasitic drugs [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Rinaldi L, Pennacchio S, Musella V, Maurelli MP, La Torre F, Cringoli G. Helminth control in kennels: is the combination of milbemycin oxime and praziquantel a right choice? Parasit Vectors. 2015;17;8(1):30. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    A limit of the study was the lack of knowledge of the history of the kenneled dogs; the authors did not know if they were all natives of the Campania Region.

    “First, the lack of knowledge of the history of the kenneled dogs; we did not know if they were all natives of the Campania Region, even if autochthonous foci of canine D. immitis infection were recently reported in owned dogs from the same region [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The animals used in the study were sampled following approval by the animal ethics and welfare committee of the University of Naples Federico II (protocol number 0093412).

    “The animals used in the present study were sampled following approval by the animal ethics and welfare committee of the University of Naples Federico II (protocol number 0093412).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The 24 sera positive to D. immitis were also tested with AngioDetect in order to detect possible cross-reactions.

    “The 24 sera resulted positive to D. immitis were tested also with AngioDetect® in order to detect possible cross-reactions [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Schnyder M, Deplazes P. Cross-reactions of sera from dogs infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum in commercially available Dirofilaria immitis test kits. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:258. source

      Not checked in the free run.

21 of 21

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No previous studies have investigated the simultaneous detection of D. immitis and A. vasorum in kenneled dogs; this is the first cross-sectional survey at regional scale in Italy and Europe on contemporaneous detection of D. immitis antigens and A. vasorum L1 in kennels.

    “In recent years, epidemiological surveys on D. immitis and A. vasorum prevalence have been conducted in many countries; however, no studies investigated the simultaneous detection of these cardiopulmonary nematodes in kenneled dogs.”
    “To the authors’s knowledge, this is the first cross-sectional survey conducted at regional-scale in Italy and in Europe on the contemporaneous detection of D. immitis antigens and A. vasorum L1 in kennels.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    An increased density of foxes in an area populated with dogs is likely to increase the number of fox-dog interactions, and hence increase the opportunity for transmission of A. vasorum.

    “It can be assumed that an increased density of foxes in an area populated with dogs is likely to increase the number of fox-dog interactions, and hence increase the opportunity for transmission of infection.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Table contradicts the stated blood-sampling range per kennel

    Major

    The methods say that 5 to 10 blood samples were collected per kennel, but Table 1 lists 93 dogs examined in kennel 2.

  • Kennel 4 prevalence does not match its counts

    Minor

    Six positive dogs among 94 examined gives 6.38%, not the 4.2% shown in Table 1.

    Reported 4.2 · recomputed 6.382979

2 of 2

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Authors
Del Prete, L., Maurelli, M. P., Pennacchio, S., Bosco, A., Musella, V., Ciuca, L., Cringoli, G., & Rinaldi, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Naples Federico II (IT)
  • Magna Graecia University (IT)
Corresponding author
Rinaldi, Laura
ORCID
Venue
BMC Veterinary Research
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-12
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
305-305
ISSN
1746-6148 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12917-015-0619-y
PMC
PMC4687387
OpenAlex
W2199989562
Semantic Scholar
c9447ef040702424cf853a83bad7daf31368f124
Cited by
19
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4
FWCI
2.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • BMC Veterinary Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Mollusks and Parasites Studies
Keywords
Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus vasorum, canine dirofilariasis, canine angiostrongylosis, seroprevalence, first-stage larvae, kennel dogs, asymptomatic infection, Campania, parasite surveillance, zoonotic parasites, dogs as reservoir, FLOTAC
MeSH terms
Angiostrongylus, Animals, Antigens, Helminth, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Italy, Strongylida Infections, Coinfection

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