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Exosomes: composition, biogenesis, and mechanisms in cancer metastasis and drug resistance

Mashouri, Ladan, Yousefi, Hassan, Aref, Amir Reza, Ahadi, Ali mohammad, Molaei, Fatemeh, Alahari, Suresh K.·2019·Molecular Cancer
DOI 10.1186/s12943-019-0991-5PMC PMC6444571
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Fig. 1 Exosome biogenesis and secretion within endosomal system. Early endosomes (EEs) are formed by the fusion of endocytic vesicles. Two pathways shown by the EEs: returning to the plasma membrane or conversion into LEs/ MVBs via inward budding of the membrane which pack the cargoes into ILVs. Protein sorting of ILVs can be ESCRT dependent or independent. ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II and ESCRT-III are four components of ESCRT machinery which ubiquitinate the substrates on the part of the inward budding endosomal membrane. Later, targeted ILVs are ready to be degraded within lysosome or rescue by DUBs. Rab27A and Rab27B are the essential mediators to lead the MVBs toward the cell periphery. Finally, SNARE complex helps fusion of MVBs with plasma membrane to release ILVs into the extracellular space which now are called exosomes
Fig. 1 Exosome biogenesis and secretion within endosomal system. Early endosomes (EEs) are formed by the fusion of endocytic vesicles. Two pathways shown by the EEs: returning to the plasma membrane or conversion into LEs/ MVBs via inward budding of the membrane which pack the cargoes into ILVs. Protein sorting of ILVs can be ESCRT dependent or independent. ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II and ESCRT-III are four components of ESCRT machinery which ubiquitinate the substrates on the part of the inward budding endosomal membrane. Later, targeted ILVs are ready to be degraded within lysosome or rescue by DUBs. Rab27A and Rab27B are the essential mediators to lead the MVBs toward the cell periphery. Finally, SNARE complex helps fusion of MVBs with plasma membrane to release ILVs into the extracellular space which now are called exosomesCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Tumor-derived exosomes promotes angiogenesis. Tumor derived exosomes promotes vascular formation. VEGF, Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), syndecan-4, Glypican-1, interleukin-8 (IL-8), Malat1, Dil4 and some microRNAs are some of the angiogenic stimulatory factors which can be carried by tumor exosomes
Fig. 2 Tumor-derived exosomes promotes angiogenesis. Tumor derived exosomes promotes vascular formation. VEGF, Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), syndecan-4, Glypican-1, interleukin-8 (IL-8), Malat1, Dil4 and some microRNAs are some of the angiogenic stimulatory factors which can be carried by tumor exosomesCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Tumor derived exosomes promote Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Invasion. EMT initiators include TGF-β, HIF1α, β-catenin, IL-6, β-catenin or Vimentin, Casein Kinase and several miRNAs are among the essential EMT promoting factors that are carried by the tumor derived exosomes. Zeb family members are the main players in EMT transition
Fig. 3 Tumor derived exosomes promote Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Invasion. EMT initiators include TGF-β, HIF1α, β-catenin, IL-6, β-catenin or Vimentin, Casein Kinase and several miRNAs are among the essential EMT promoting factors that are carried by the tumor derived exosomes. Zeb family members are the main players in EMT transitionCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Exosome application in cancer therapy. Exosomes derived from DCs could be used to deliver Anti-cancer drugs such as chemotherapeutic agents and functional RNAs including siRNA and microRNA. Moreover, peptides also could be delivered to the target cancer cells especially CSCs. Such examples are TRAIL and mutated survivin. The specific markers of CSCs such as CD44, CD24, CD133, and CD200 can be used as targets for exosomes contain the antibodies against these proteins
Fig. 4 Exosome application in cancer therapy. Exosomes derived from DCs could be used to deliver Anti-cancer drugs such as chemotherapeutic agents and functional RNAs including siRNA and microRNA. Moreover, peptides also could be delivered to the target cancer cells especially CSCs. Such examples are TRAIL and mutated survivin. The specific markers of CSCs such as CD44, CD24, CD133, and CD200 can be used as targets for exosomes contain the antibodies against these proteinsCC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Mashouri, L., Yousefi, H., Aref, A. R., Ahadi, A. M., Molaei, F., & Alahari, S. K.
Venue
Molecular Cancer
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-04-02
Volume
18
Issue
1
ISSN
1476-4598
DOI
10.1186/s12943-019-0991-5
PMC
PMC6444571
Cited by
1,363
References
11
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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