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Cited by 715Single-cell and spatial transcriptomicsGenomics and Phylogenetic StudiesMolecular Biology Techniques and Applications

Systematic assessment of tissue dissociation and storage biases in single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq workflows

Open access
Denisenko, Elena, Guo, Belinda B., Jones, Matthew, Hou, Rui, de Kock, Leanne, Lassmann, Timo, Poppe, Daniel, Clément, Olivier +3 more·2020·Genome Biology
DOI 10.1186/s13059-020-02048-6PMC PMC7265231

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

Background: Single-cell RNA sequencing has been widely adopted to estimate the cellular composition of heterogeneous tissues and obtain transcriptional profiles of individual cells. Multiple approaches for optimal sample dissociation and storage of single cells have been proposed as have single-nuclei profiling methods. What has been lacking is a systematic comparison of their relative biases and benefits. Results: Here, we compare gene expression and cellular composition of single-cell suspensions prepared from adult mouse kidney using two tissue dissociation protocols. For each sample, we also compare fresh cells to cryopreserved and methanol-fixed cells. Lastly, we compare this single-cell data to that generated using three single-nucleus RNA sequencing workflows. Our data confirms prior reports that digestion on ice avoids the stress response observed with 37 °C dissociation. It also reveals cell types more abundant either in the cold or warm dissociations that may represent populations that require gentler or harsher conditions to be released intact. For cell storage, cryopreservation of dissociated cells results in a major loss of epithelial cell types; in contrast, methanol fixation maintains the cellular composition but suffers from ambient RNA leakage. Finally, cell type composition differences are observed between single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing libraries. In particular, we note an underrepresentation of T, B, and NK lymphocytes in the single-nucleus libraries. Conclusions: Systematic comparison of recovered cell types and their transcriptional profiles across the workflows has highlighted protocol-specific biases and thus enables researchers starting single-cell experiments to make an informed choice.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study systematically compares tissue dissociation, cell preservation, and single-cell versus single-nucleus RNA-seq workflows in adult mouse kidney, using 77,656 single-cell, 98,303 single-nucleus, and 15 bulk RNA-seq profiles. It finds protocol-specific biases: warm dissociation induces stress genes and depletes sensitive cell types, cryopreservation loses epithelial cells, methanol fixation preserves composition but causes ambient RNA leakage, and snRNA-seq underrepresents T, B, and NK lymphocytes.

Key findings

  • Warm dissociation induced a stress response: bulk RNA-seq found 71 genes higher in warm-dissociated kidneys versus 5 in cold-dissociated kidneys (logFC > 2, FDR < 0.05), and scRNA-seq found 64 genes higher in warm-dissociated libraries in at least one cell type versus 20 in cold-dissociated libraries. Stress scores were significantly high in 8 of 14 cell types in warm-dissociated samples.
  • Cell composition differed by dissociation protocol: podocytes were 0.03% in warm-dissociated samples versus 2.78% in cold-dissociated samples; aLOH cells were 4.99% versus 2.52%, and PT cells were 71.36% versus 63.34% in warm versus cold, respectively.
  • Cryopreservation severely depleted epithelial cells: PT cells were 63.12% and 70.86% in fresh cold- and warm-dissociated samples but only 0.31% and 0.57% in cryopreserved samples; a repeat experiment showed PT at 55.55% fresh versus 7.65% cryopreserved. Only ~30% of cryopreserved cells were recovered, while methanol fixation better preserved composition but showed ambient RNA leakage.
  • Single-nucleus libraries underdetected immune cells: immune cells averaged 0.73% in snRNA-seq versus 6.03% in scRNA-seq; T, B, and NK cells were not detected in snRNA-seq, and podocytes were 0.7% in snRNA-seq versus 3.28% in scRNA-seq. snRNA-seq detected more genes per nucleus (median 1819) than scRNA-seq per cell (median 981).

Methods

  • Adult mouse kidneys were used: male C57BL/6J mice (19 weeks) for the first dissociation/preservation series, and male Balb/c (18 weeks) or female Balb/c (15 weeks) mice for later scRNA-seq versus snRNA-seq comparisons, with biological triplicates.
  • Workflows compared two dissociation protocols (37 °C Miltenyi Multi Tissue Dissociation Kit 2 versus cold-active *Bacillus licheniformis* protease on ice), two preservation methods (methanol fixation and cryopreservation), and three single-nuclei isolation protocols (SN_FANS_3x500g, SN_FANS_1x2000g, SN_sucrose), plus bulk RNA-seq of intact and dissociated kidney.
  • Libraries were profiled with 10x Genomics Chromium scRNA-seq/snRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq; analyses included Cell Ranger, EmptyDrops, Seurat, scMatch annotation, edgeR/GeTMM, BSEQ-sc deconvolution, a 17-gene stress score, and Seurat cell-cycle scoring. Data are available at GSE141115.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: bulk RNA-seq deconvolution is sensitive to the input marker gene list, may overlook rare and novel cell types, and cell abundance estimates from bulk data are influenced by both cell number and relative mRNA content; the authors note they lack a definitive “ground truth” for cell composition and did not use in vitro cell mixtures or spiking because these do not represent dissociation from solid tissue.
  • Stated in the paper: flow cytometry still requires dissociation, and ISH/IHC/spatial methods only give proportions for sections examined rather than whole-organ estimates; a classifier able to distinguish mitotic cells from early G1 and late G2 is needed to fully dissect cell-cycle biases in snRNA-seq.
  • Evident from the text: findings are restricted to adult mouse kidney, specific mouse strains/sexes, selected 10x chemistries, and particular dissociation, preservation, and nuclei-isolation protocols, so generalization to other tissues, species, or protocols is not established; some analyses excluded low-abundance cell types such as podocytes and transitional cells, and red blood cell depletion was not applied.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13059-020-02048-6

Cites

54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 9 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Differential expression analysis identified 64 genes more highly expressed in warm-dissociated libraries in at least one cell type.

    “Differential expression analysis identified 64 genes more highly expressed in warm-dissociated libraries in at least one cell type (Fig. 2b, Additional file 4)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Cells such as those of the ascending loop of Henle (aLOH) and proximal tubule (PT) were more abundant in warm-dissociated samples (aLOH 4.99% vs. 2.52% in cold, PT 71.36% vs. 63.34% in cold).

    “we identified cells such as those of the ascending loop of Henle (aLOH) and proximal tubule (PT), that were more abundant in warm-dissociated samples (aLOH 4.99% vs. 2.52% in cold, PT 71.36% vs. 63.34% in cold)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Cell types more abundant in snRNA-seq libraries included loop of Henle and mesangial cells.

    “Cell types more abundant in snRNA-seq libraries included loop of Henle and mesangial cells”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Warm tissue dissociation induces stress-response-related changes, including induction of stress response genes, in adult mouse kidney single-cell suspensions.

    “Our data confirms prior reports that digestion on ice avoids the stress response observed with 37 °C dissociation.”
    • Also stated in: § Comparison of tissue dissociation protocols · plain
      “Bulk RNA-seq profiling of single-cell suspensions revealed induction of stress response genes in warm-dissociated samples.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “Our findings corroborate this bias and show induction of heat shock proteins and immediate-early response genes in warm-dissociated libraries when compared to cold-dissociated libraries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adam et al. [18] Adam M, Potter AS, Potter SS. Psychrophilic proteases dramatically reduce single-cell RNA-seq artifacts: a molecular atlas of kidney development. Development. 2017;144:3625–32. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    The number of high-quality cells obtained from cryopreserved samples after quality control and filtering was substantially lower (~ 30%) than that of fresh and methanol-fixed samples.

    “Despite loading similar numbers of cells, the number of high-quality cells obtained from the cryopreserved samples after quality control and filtering (“Methods”) was substantially lower (~ 30%) than that of the fresh and methanol-fixed samples.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 19
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Using bulk RNA-seq from intact kidneys and BSEQ-sc, approximately 1.51% of cells were estimated to be immune cells in Balb/c female mice and 4.84% in Balb/c male mice.

    “we estimated that approximately 1.51% should correspond to immune cells in Balb/c female mice and 4.84% in Balb/c male mice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Baron M, Veres A, Wolock SL, Faust AL, Gaujoux R, Vetere A, et al. A single-cell transcriptomic map of the human and mouse pancreas reveals inter- and intra-cell population structure. Cell Syst. 2016;3:346–60.e4. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: BSEQ-sc deconvolution of bulk RNA-seq accurately estimates cell type proportions in intact kidney.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Macrophages were the only type of immune cells recovered in snRNA-seq libraries, whereas in scRNA-seq libraries T cells (1.38% on average), B cells (0.77%), and NK cells (0.65%) were also detected.

    “Furthermore, macrophages were the only type of immune cells recovered in snRNA-seq libraries, whereas in scRNA-seq libraries we also detected T cells (1.38% on average), B cells (0.77%), and NK cells (0.65%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In freshly profiled suspensions, PT composed 63.12% and 70.86% of all cells in cold- and warm-dissociated samples, respectively; in cryopreserved samples, PT were scarcely detected at 0.31% and 0.57%, respectively.

    “In freshly profiled suspensions, PT composed 63.12% and 70.86% of all cells in cold- and warm-dissociated samples, respectively. In contrast, PT were scarcely detected in cryopreserved samples, at 0.31% and 0.57%, respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only ~ 33% and ~ 32% of cells were recovered after cryostorage in the first and repeated experiment, respectively; average viability estimated by Countess was 86% and 75%, respectively.

    “Notably, only ~ 33% and ~ 32% of cells were recovered after cryostorage in the first and the repeated experiment, respectively; the average viability estimated by the Countess was 86% and 75%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only 20 genes had higher expression in cold-dissociated cell populations, and only five of them (Hbb-bs, Hba-a1, Hba-a2, mt-Co1, Malat1) were identified in at least two cell types.

    “In contrast to the 64 genes with higher expression in the warm dissociation, only 20 genes had higher expression in the cold-dissociated cell populations, and only five of them (Hbb-bs, Hba-a1, Hba-a2, mt-Co1, Malat1) were identified in at least two cell types (Fig. 2b, Additional file 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Certain cell types were moderately underrepresented in methanol-fixed samples compared to freshly profiled samples, with macrophages showing the largest reduction from 5.36 to 3.2% in cold-dissociated samples and from 4.28 to 2.54% in warm-dissociated samples.

    “Nevertheless, certain cell types were moderately underrepresented in the methanol-fixed samples in comparison to freshly profiled samples, with macrophages showing the largest reduction from 5.36 to 3.2% in cold-dissociated samples and from 4.28 to 2.54% in warm-dissociated samples.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was significant underrepresentation (chi-square p < 0.001) of five kidney cell types in cryopreserved samples prepared with the cold dissociation protocol, three of which were also underrepresented in cryopreserved warm dissociation samples.

    “This comparison revealed significant underrepresentation (chi-square test p value < 0.001) of five kidney cell types in cryopreserved samples prepared with the cold dissociation protocol, three of which were also underrepresented in the cryopreserved warm dissociation samples”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The three nuclei isolation protocols yielded comparable results, with the most notable difference being a higher contamination with mitochondrial genes in SN_FANS_1x2000g.

    “The three nuclei isolation protocols yielded comparable results, with the most notable difference being a higher contamination with mitochondrial genes in SN_FANS_1x2000g”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Differential expression analysis comparing individual cell types profiled by snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq suggested higher expression of long noncoding RNAs in snRNA-seq libraries and higher expression of genes related to mitochondrial and ribosomal functions in scRNA-seq.

    “Differential expression analysis comparing individual cell types profiled by snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq suggested higher expression of long noncoding RNAs in snRNA-seq libraries and higher expression of genes related to mitochondrial and ribosomal functions in scRNA-seq, in agreement with previous reports [24, 26]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] Bakken TE, Hodge RD, Miller JA, Yao Z, Nguyen TN, Aevermann B, et al. Single-nucleus and single-cell transcriptomes compared in matched cortical cell types. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0209648. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Wu H, Kirita Y, Donnelly EL, Humphreys BD. Advantages of single-nucleus over single-cell RNA sequencing of adult kidney: rare cell types and novel cell states revealed in fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30:23–32. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The fresh scRNA-seq dataset comprised 23,108 cells, including 11,851 cells from cold- and 11,257 cells from warm-dissociated kidneys.

    “This dataset comprised 23,108 cells, including 11,851 cells from cold- and 11,257 cells from warm-dissociated kidneys (“Methods”).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The genes most commonly overexpressed across cell populations in warm-dissociated libraries include Junb and Jund (differentially expressed in seven cell types) and Jun and Fos (differentially expressed in five cell types).

    “The genes most commonly overexpressed across cell populations are shown in Fig. 2d and include immediate-early response genes such as Junb and Jund (differentially expressed in seven cell types) and Jun and Fos (differentially expressed in five cell types).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    Methanol-fixed samples loaded at 0.125x SSC had an approximate cell capture of 4000-5000 cells.

    “Due to the reverse transcription inhibition of 3x SSC, the sample had to be loaded at a concentration of 0.125x SSC, resulting in an approximate cell capture of 4000–5000 cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: 3x SSC inhibits reverse transcription.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The reference-based annotation approach failed to identify connecting tubule (CNT) cells and instead matched them to other similar cell types.

    “This approach failed to identify cells of connecting tubule (CNT) and, instead, matched them to other similar cell types.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Warm-dissociated samples have genes induced relative to other conditions.

    “To select genes for the stress response score, we looked at all genes induced in the warm-dissociated samples, and from that list, we manually selected genes which have been reported in the literature as stress-response-related genes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These populations are sensitive to warm dissociation and consequently underrepresented.

    “These findings suggest that these populations are sensitive to warm dissociation and consequently underrepresented.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The same set of transcripts contaminated most cell types, suggesting methanol fixation damages cells and leads to ambient RNA contamination of droplets.

    “The same set of transcripts contaminated most cell types suggesting methanol fixation damages cells and leads to ambient RNA contamination of droplets”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    For some cell types, such as podocytes, scRNA-seq yields proportions most similar to quantitative renal anatomy estimates, whereas for other cell types, such as loop of Henle cells, snRNA-seq better captures cell composition.

    “Figure 4b and Additional file 2: Figure S8 show that for some cell types, such as podocytes, scRNA-seq yields proportions most similar to the quantitative renal anatomy estimates, whereas for other cell types, such as loop of Henle cells, snRNA-seq better captures cell composition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Proportions of aLOH cells in cell suspensions were higher before they were loaded on the Chromium Controller and they are underrepresented in scRNA-seq.

    “Our results suggest that proportions of aLOH cells in cell suspensions were higher before they were loaded on the Chromium Controller and that they are somehow underrepresented.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Based on quantitative renal anatomy estimates, some cell types, such as podocytes, appear to be better represented in scRNA-seq, whereas others, such as loop of Henle cells, were captured more effectively by snRNA-seq.

    “Based on these estimates, some cell types, such as podocytes, appear to be better represented in scRNA-seq, whereas others, such as loop of Henle cells, were captured more effectively by snRNA-seq.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Complete tissue dissociation was checked by examining under the microscope and confirming the absence of visible tissue chunks.

    “Complete tissue dissociation was also checked by examining under the microscope and confirming the absence of visible tissue chunks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All single-cell libraries were constructed in biological triplicate.

    “All single-cell libraries were constructed in biological triplicate using the 10x Chromium 3′ workflow as per the manufacturers’ directions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All libraries were quantified with qPCR and checked for fragment size.

    “All libraries were quantified with qPCR using the NEBnext Library Quant Kit for Illumina and checked for fragment size using the TapeStation D1000 kit (Agilent).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The higher hemoglobin contamination in cold-dissociated samples likely stems from a higher rate of hemoglobin transcript degradation in warm tissue dissociation conditions.

    “the observation likely stems from a higher rate of hemoglobin transcript degradation in warm tissue dissociation conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Cell abundance estimates from bulk data would be influenced by both cell number and relative mRNA content of each cell.

    “In addition, cell abundance estimates from bulk data would be influenced by both cell number and relative mRNA content of each cell.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Computational deconvolution of bulk RNA-seq of intact kidneys is sensitive to the input marker gene list used and may overlook rare and novel cell types.

    “However, the approach is sensitive to the input marker gene list used and may overlook rare and novel cell types.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    All RNA used for bulk RNA-seq had a RIN greater than 8.

    “RNA was assessed for quantity and quality using the TapeStation 4200 RNA ScreenTape kit [Agilent; 5067-5576], which showed all RNA used had a RIN of > 8.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The biases observed in adult mouse kidney workflows generalize to other tissues and to human disease biology.

    “From our experiments, we have confirmed several observations by others in the field that have direct relevance to designing single-cell experiments studying human disease biology.”
    “Specifically, the depletion of epithelial cell types in cryopreserved samples is concerning given the majority of human cancers are epithelial in origin.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    BSEQ-sc deconvolution of bulk RNA-seq accurately estimates cell type proportions in intact kidney.

    “Using the bulk RNA-seq from intact kidneys (Fig. 1f) and BSEQ-sc [35] to predict the proportions of each cell type present, we estimated that approximately 1.51% should correspond to immune cells in Balb/c female mice and 4.84% in Balb/c male mice.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The reference expression profiles from previous mouse kidney studies accurately represent the cell types in the studied samples.

    “Cells were classified into 15 cell types using scMatch [31] by comparing their expression to reference expression profiles from three previous mouse kidney studies [26, 32, 33], followed by gene signature-based refinement”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    3x SSC inhibits reverse transcription.

    “Due to the reverse transcription inhibition of 3x SSC, the sample had to be loaded at a concentration of 0.125x SSC”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting initial centrifugation speeds for the sucrose nuclei protocol

    Major

    The results describe the initial spin in SN_sucrose as 500g, whereas the protocol specifies 2000g for the homogenate before the sucrose-cushion step.

  • Cryopreserved samples thawed from a different stated storage temperature

    Minor

    The freezing protocol says the cells were transferred to liquid nitrogen for storage after one night at −80 °C, but the thawing protocol says the samples were removed from −80 °C.

  • Conflicting proximal-tubule percentages for fresh samples

    Minor

    The two passages give different proximal-tubule proportions for the freshly profiled cold-dissociated samples (63.34% versus 63.12%) and warm-dissociated samples (71.36% versus 70.86%).

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Mus musculus ribosomal DNA, complete repeating unit. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/BK000964. Accessed 24 Jan 2019.
  2. Denisenko E, Guo B, Jones M, Hou R, de Kock L, Lassmann T, et al. Systematic assessment of tissue dissociation and storage biases in single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq workflows. Datasets. Gene Expression Omnibus. 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE141115. Accessed 11 May 2020.

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Authors
Denisenko, E., Guo, B. B., Jones, M., Hou, R., de Kock, L., Lassmann, T., Poppe, D., Clément, O., Simmons, R. K., Lister, R., & Forrest, A. R. R.
Affiliations
  • The University of Western Australia (AU)
  • The Kids Research Institute Australia (AU)
Corresponding author
Forrest, Alistair R. R.
ORCID
Venue
Genome Biology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-06-02
Volume
21
Issue
1
Pages
130-130
ISSN
  • 1465-6906 (ISSN-L)
  • 1474-760X
DOI
10.1186/s13059-020-02048-6
PMC
PMC7265231
OpenAlex
W3030739213
Semantic Scholar
c1ec88ccea70a4d53e919faf8a30b50e74271c2b
Cited by
686
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 138 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 33
FWCI
27.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Genome biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1154524)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Keywords
tissue dissociation, single-cell RNA sequencing, single-nucleus RNA sequencing, cryopreservation, methanol fixation, kidney, cell type composition
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Separation, Kidney, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Stress, Physiological, Cryopreservation, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Single-Cell Analysis

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