The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance
Abstract
Measurement invariance is usually tested using Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis, which examines the change in the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) when cross-group constraints are imposed on a measurement model. Although many studies have examined the properties of GFI as indicators of overall model fit for single-group data, there have been none to date that examine how GFIs change when between-group constraints are added to a measurement model. The lack of a consensus about what constitutes significant GFI differences places limits on measurement invariance testing. We examine 20 GFIs based on the minimum fit function. A simulation under the two-group situation was used to examine changes in the GFIs (ΔGFIs) when invariance constraints were added. Based on the results, we recommend using Δcomparative fit index, ΔGamma hat, and ΔMcDonald's Noncentrality Index to evaluate measurement invariance. These three ΔGFIs are independent of both model complexity and sample size, and are not correlated with the overall fit measures. We propose critical values of these ΔGFIs that indicate measurement invariance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Values of both coefficients ≥ 0.70 were interpreted as acceptable indicators of reliability [60, 61].”
From Psychometric validation and measurement invariance of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II in Honduran university students (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“An increase in the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) exceeding 0.01 suggests non-invariance and leads us to reject the model (Cheung and Rensvold, 2002; Chen, 2007).”
From Common Predictive Factors of Social Media Addiction and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Female College Students: State Anxiety and the Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility/Sustained Attention (2022) · cites this paper as Cheung and Rensvold, 2002
In the citing paper
“The results indicated that the Configural invariance model, the metric invariance model, the scalar invariance model, and the strict invariance model were reliable cross-gender (Cheung and Rensvold, 2002; Chen, 2007).”
From Measuring self-as-context in Chinese college students: Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of self-as-context scale (C-SACS) (2022) · cites this paper as Cheung and Rensvold, 2002
In the citing paper
“Like the chisquare, chi-square difference tests present a known sensitivity to sample size and minor model misspecifications so that recent studies suggest complementing this information with changes in CFIs and RMSEAs (Chen, 2007;Cheung & Rensvold, 2002) in the context of tests of measurement invariance.”
From A test of work motivation profile similarity across four distinct samples of employees (2020) · cites this paper as Cheung & Rensvold, 2002
In the citing paper
“The parsimonious model (constrained model) would be selected if the following four criteria suggested by Cheung and Rensvold (2002) and Chen (2007) were met: (a) the constrained model did not generate a significantly worse fit than the unconstrained model (the multiple-group baseline model) according to the chi-square test; (b) the difference in RMSEA ( RMSEA) was lower than .01;(c) the difference”
From Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire in Colombia (2017) · cites this paper as Cheung and Rensvold (2002)
In the citing paper
“The difference in CFI values did not exceed 0.01 [45], indicating that invariance is supported and lending further support for the constrained model.”
From ADHD and the externalizing spectrum: direct comparison of categorical, continuous, and hybrid models of liability in a nationally representative sample (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
Citations
Cites
Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151312 · Cited by 109,314
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 · Cited by 109,190
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442810031002 · Cited by 7,997
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Boomsma, A. (1982). The robustness of LISREL against small sample sizes in factor analysis models. In K. G. Joreskog & H. Wold (Eds.), Systems under indirect observation: Causality, structure, prediction (Part 1, pp. 149-173). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- 10.1037//0021-9010.70.4.662 · DOI
- 10.1037//0021-9010.78.5.753 · DOI
- 10.1037//0021-9010.74.4.625 · DOI
- 10.2307/1163206 · DOI
- 10.1037//0033-2909.103.3.391 · DOI
- 10.1037//0021-9010.73.3.574 · DOI
- 10.1037//0033-2909.114.3.552 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,195
A 20-year longitudinal study of body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms.
Keel, P. K., Baxter, M. G., Heatherton, T. F., & Joiner, T. E. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.2.422 · Cited by 309
The Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers (WTMST)
Fernet, C., Senécal, C. B., Guay, F., Marsh, H. W., & Dowson, M. N. (2008) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072707305764 · Cited by 375
semPower: General power analysis for structural equation models
Moshagen, M., & Bader, M. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02254-7 · Cited by 308
“For example, it has been suggested that a decline of ≥ .02 in the Mc associated with a metric in comparison to a configural invariance model may be considered a meaningful departure from measurement invariance (Cheung & Rensvold, 2002).”
BackgroundBenson, N., Hulac, D. M., & Kranzler, J. H. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0017767 · Cited by 309
Lukeš, M., & Stephan, U. (2017) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-11-2015-0262 · Cited by 328
Jiang, Y., Rosenzweig, E. Q., & Gaspard, H. (2018) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.06.005 · Cited by 342
Ford, D. C., Merrick, M. T., Parks, S. E., Breiding, M. J., Gilbert, L. K., Edwards, V. J., Dhingra, S. S., Barile, J. P., & Thompson, W. W. (2014) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0037723 · Cited by 301
Career Adapt-Abilities Scale–Short Form (CAAS-SF)
Maggiori, C., Rossier, J., & Savickas, M. L. (2015) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072714565856 · Cited by 333
Motivation and Engagement Across the Academic Life Span
Martin, A. J. (2009) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164409332214 · Cited by 353
The Trans-Contextual Model of Autonomous Motivation in Education
Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2015) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654315585005 · Cited by 379
Marsh, H. W., Pekrun, R., Murayama, K., Arens, A. K., Parker, P. D., Guo, J., & Dicke, T. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000393 · Cited by 306
Siu, O. L., Bakker, A. B., & Jiang, X. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9459-2 · Cited by 348
Summarizing health-related quality of life (HRQOL): development and testing of a one-factor model
Yin, S., Njai, R. S., Barker, L. E., Siegel, P. Z., & Liao, Y. (2016) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0091-3 · Cited by 320
Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure
Thomas, D. C., Liao, Y., Aycan, Z., Cerdin, J., Pekerti, A., Ravlin, E. C., Stahl, G. K., Lazarova, M. B., Fock, H. K. Y., Arli, D. I., et al. (2015) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2014.67 · Cited by 303
Huang, X., Dai, S., & Xu, H. (2019) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100589 · Cited by 303
Does HRM facilitate employee creativity and organizational innovation? A study of Chinese firms
Jiang, J., Wang, S., & Zhao, S. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.690567 · Cited by 302
The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4 · Cited by 309
Developing a Mobile Applications Customer Experience Model (MACE)- Implications for Retailers
McLean, G., Al‐Nabhani, K., & Wilson, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.018 · Cited by 340
An examination of the latent structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale.
Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9280-y · Cited by 299
Richter, D., Kunter, M., Lüdtke, O., Klusmann, U., Anders, Y., & Baumert, J. (2013) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2013.07.012 · Cited by 299
Morin, A. J. S., Moullec, G., Maïano, C., Layet, L., Just, J.-L., & Ninot, G. (2011) · Revue d Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique · doi:10.1016/j.respe.2011.03.061 · Cited by 297
Self-Management Strategies Mediate Self-Efficacy and Physical Activity
Dishman, R. K., Motl, R. W., Sallis, J. F., Dunn, A. L., Birnbaum, A. S., Welk, G. J., Rung, A. L., Voorhees, C. C., & Jobe, J. B. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.03.012 · Cited by 301
Lietaert, S., Roorda, D. L., Laevers, F., Verschueren, K., & Fraine, B. D. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12095 · Cited by 354
Lauermann, F., Tsai, Y., & Eccles, J. S. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000367 · Cited by 330
Poteat, V. P., Mereish, E. H., DiGiovanni, C. D., & Koenig, B. W. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025095 · Cited by 332
Moving beyond assumptions of deviance: The reconceptualization and measurement of workplace gossip.
Brady, D. L., Brown, D. J., & Liang, L. H. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000164 · Cited by 308
Creation of Short and Very Short Measures of the Five Cs of Positive Youth Development
Geldhof, G. J., Bowers, E. P., Boyd, M. J., Mueller, M. K., Napolitano, C. M., Schmid, K. L., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12039 · Cited by 343
Understanding the need for novelty from the perspective of self-determination theory
González-Cutre, D., Sicilia, Á., Sierra, A. C., Ferriz, R., & Hagger, M. S. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.036 · Cited by 301
Chen, Y., & Zahedi, F. (2016) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2016/40.1.09 · Cited by 290
Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A., Gerber, R. A., Leidy, N., Sexton, C., Karlsson, J., & Lowe, M. R. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.107 · Cited by 313
Moore, J. B., Yin, Z., Hanes, J. C., Duda, J. L., Gutin, B., & Barbeau, P. (2009) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200802593612 · Cited by 289
Zick, A., Wolf, C., Küpper, B., Davidov, E., Schmidt, P., & Heitmeyer, W. (2008) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00566.x · Cited by 241
Is Self-Esteem a Cause or Consequence of Social Support? A 4-Year Longitudinal Study
Marshall, S., Parker, P. D., Ciarrochi, J., & Heaven, P. C. L. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12176 · Cited by 324
Disentangling the effect of prior entrepreneurial exposure on entrepreneurial intention
Zapkau, F. B., Schwens, C., Steinmetz, H., & Kabst, R. (2014) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.08.007 · Cited by 312
Ethically minded consumer behavior: Scale review, development, and validation
Sudbury‐Riley, L., & Kohlbacher, F. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.005 · Cited by 322
León, J., Alonso, J. L. N., & Liew, J. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.017 · Cited by 326
Paternalistic leadership and employee voice in China: A dual process model
Zhang, Y., Huai, M., & Xie, Y. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.002 · Cited by 288
Jiang, Z., Hu, X., Wang, Z., & Jiang, X. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2358 · Cited by 301
Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Harris, J. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205279905 · Cited by 282
Big Five personality stability, change, and codevelopment across adolescence and early adulthood.
Borghuis, J., Denissen, J. J. A., Oberski, D. L., Sijtsma, K., Meeus, W., Branje, S., Koot, H. M., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000138 · Cited by 303
Campbell-Sills, L., Liverant, G. I., & Brown, T. A. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.244 · Cited by 280
Communalism, familism, and filial piety: are they birds of a collectivist feather?
Schwartz, S. J., Weisskirch, R. S., Hurley, E. A., Zamboanga, B. L., Park, I. J. K., Kim, S. Y., Umaña-Taylor, A., Castillo, L. G., Brown, E., & Greene, A. D. (2010) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021370 · Cited by 279
Hirschfeld, G. H. F., & von Brachel, R. (2020) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/qazy-2946 · Cited by 291
Granziera, H., & Perera, H. N. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.02.003 · Cited by 281
Bolino, M. C., González, J. A. V., Bande, B., & Turnley, W. H. (2006) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.379 · Cited by 279
Tang, T. L., & Chen, Y. (2007) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9559-1 · Cited by 279
Dishman, R. K., Hales, D. P., Pfeiffer, K. A., Felton, G., Saunders, R. P., Ward, D. S., Dowda, M. C., & Pate, R. R. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.396 · Cited by 311
Further Validation and Development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire
Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin‐Bates, S. M., Ramsey, R., & Hall, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.34.5.621 · Cited by 279
Baik, S. H., Fox, R. S., Mills, S. D., Roesch, S. C., Sadler, G. R., Klonoff, E. A., & Malcarne, V. L. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316684938 · Cited by 326
Marsh, H. W., Guo, J., Parker, P. D., Nagengast, B., Asparouhov, T., Muthén, B., & Dicke, T. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000113 · Cited by 277
Ladd, G. W., Ettekal, I., & Ladd, G. W. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000177 · Cited by 308
García, F. E., Barraza-Peña, C. G., Włodarczyk, A., Alvear-Carrasco, M., & Reyes‐Reyes, A. (2018) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-018-0102-3 · Cited by 278
The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: reliability and validity of a brief screening test
Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pallesen, S., Bilder, R. M., Torsheim, T., & Aboujaoude, E. N. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374 · Cited by 283
Validity evidence based on internal structure
Rios, J. A., & Wells, C. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.260 · Cited by 282
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2494 · Cited by 267
Measurement Properties of the Communities That Care� Youth Survey Across Demographic Groups
Glaser, R. R., Horn, M. L. V., Arthur, M. W., Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2005) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-004-1788-1 · Cited by 278
Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain
Rentfrow, P. J., Jokela, M. M., & Lamb, M. E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122245 · Cited by 284
Marsh, H. W., Martin, A. J., & Jackson, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.4.438 · Cited by 274
Le, H., Schmidt, F. L., Harter, J. K., & Lauver, K. J. (2010) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.02.003 · Cited by 291
Steger, M. F., Pickering, N. K., Shin, J. Y., & Dik, B. J. (2009) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072709350905 · Cited by 301
Leitgöb, H., Seddig, D., Asparouhov, T., Behr, D., Davidov, E., Roover, K. D., Jak, S., Meitinger, K. M., Menold, N., Muthén, B., et al. (2022) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102805 · Cited by 334
Reis, D., Xanthopoulou, D., & Tsaousis, I. (2015) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2014.11.001 · Cited by 316
Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test in Chinese Adolescents
Lai, C. M., Mak, K.-K., Watanabe, H., Ang, R. P.-H., Pang, J. S., & Ho, R. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst022 · Cited by 285
Osborne, D., Jost, J. T., Becker, J. C., Badaan, V., & Sibley, C. G. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2522 · Cited by 307
Siddiq, F., Scherer, R., & Tondeur, J. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.006 · Cited by 313
A cross‐national validation of the consumer‐based brand equity scale
Buil, I., de Chernatony, L., & Martı́nez, E. (2008) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610420810904121 · Cited by 290
Self-efficacy, emotions and work engagement among teachers: a two wave cross-lagged analysis.
Burić, I., & Macuka, I. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9903-9 · Cited by 270
Alessandri, G., Consiglio, C., Luthans, F., & Боргогни, Л. (2018) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-11-2016-0210 · Cited by 311
Li, W., Fay, D., Fresé, M., Harms, P. D., & Gao, X. Y. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036169 · Cited by 281
Frazier, T. W., Ratliff, K. R., Gruber, C., Zhang, Y., Law, P. A., & Constantino, J. N. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313500382 · Cited by 285
Adaptability: Conceptual and Empirical Perspectives on Responses to Change, Novelty and Uncertainty
Martin, A. J., Nejad, H. G., Colmar, S., & Liem, G. A. D. (2012) · Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1017/jgc.2012.8 · Cited by 279
Domoff, S. E., Harrison, K., Gearhardt, A. N., Gentile, D. A., Lumeng, J. C., & Miller, A. L. (2019) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000163 · Cited by 264
Pinxten, M., Marsh, H. W., De Fraine, B., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Van Damme, J. (2014) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12028 · Cited by 260
The Higher Order Factor Structure and Gender Invariance of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory
Wright, A. G. C., Lukowitsky, M. R., Pincus, A. L., & Conroy, D. E. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191110373227 · Cited by 271
Davidov, E. (2009) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpn014 · Cited by 264
Dečman, M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.022 · Cited by 251
Qureshi, I., Fang, Y., Ramsey, E., McCole, P., Ibbotson, P., & Compeau, D. (2009) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2009.15 · Cited by 262
Howard, J. L., Gagné, M., Morin, A. J. S., & Forest, J. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316645653 · Cited by 298
Ng, J. Y. Y., Lonsdale, C., & Hodge, K. P. (2010) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.10.006 · Cited by 257
Gnambs, T., & Hanfstingl, B. (2015) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2015.1113236 · Cited by 257
Liang, L., Zhou, D., Yuan, C., Shao, A., & Bian, Y. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.043 · Cited by 256
Furnes, B., & Samuelsson, S. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.10.005 · Cited by 250
The dynamics of internalizing and externalizing comorbidity across the early school years
Willner, C. J., Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M., & Bray, B. C. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000687 · Cited by 296
Schmitt, S. A., Geldhof, G. J., Purpura, D. J., Duncan, R. J., & McClelland, M. M. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000193 · Cited by 282
González, J. V., & Garazo, T. G. (2006) · International Journal of Service Industry Management · doi:10.1108/09564230610651561 · Cited by 257
The Influence of Personal and Social-Interactive Engagement in Social TV Web Sites
Pagani, M., & Mirabello, A. (2011) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415160203 · Cited by 253
Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hein, V., Pihu, M., Soós, I., & Karsai, I. (2006) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.09.001 · Cited by 288
An integrated model of customer-brand engagement: Drivers and consequences
France, C., Merrilees, B., & Miller, D. (2016) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/bm.2016.4 · Cited by 256
Koomen, H. M. Y., Verschueren, K., van Schooten, E., Jak, S., & Pianta, R. C. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.001 · Cited by 252
Patall, E. A., Steingut, R. R., Vasquez, A. C., Trimble, S. S., Pituch, K. A., & Freeman, J. L. (2018) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000214 · Cited by 251
Finch, W. H. (2019) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164419865769 · Cited by 259
Unfried, A., Faber, M., Stanhope, D. S., & Wiebe, E. (2015) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282915571160 · Cited by 257
Hodge, K. P., & Lonsdale, C. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.4.527 · Cited by 278
Huizink, A. C., Delforterie, M. J., Scheinin, N. M., Tolvanen, M., Karlsson, L., & Karlsson, H. (2015) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-015-0531-2 · Cited by 250
McLean, G., Osei-Frimpong, K., Al‐Nabhani, K., & Marriott, H. R. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.08.032 · Cited by 261
Ru, X., Qin, H., & Wang, S. (2018) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.019 · Cited by 258
Martin, A. J., & Jackson, S. A. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9094-0 · Cited by 248
Online Learning Self-Efficacy in Students With and Without Online Learning Experience
Zimmerman, W. A., & Kulikowich, J. M. (2016) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923647.2016.1193801 · Cited by 248
Lloret, S., Traver, A. F., Hernández, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2017) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.33.2.270211 · Cited by 306
Sideridis, G., Simos, P., Papanicolaou, A., & Fletcher, J. (2014) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164414525397 · Cited by 246
Metadata
- Authors
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- ORCID
- Cheung, Gordon W.
- Venue
- Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 233-255
- ISSN
- 1070-5511 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2089871805
- Cited by
- 16,280
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1791 · 2025: 1391 · 2024: 1235 · 2023: 1334 · 2022: 1220 · 2021: 1260 · 2020: 1112 · 2019: 1016 · 2018: 935 · 2017: 829 · 2016: 756 · 2015: 695 · 2014: 595 · 2013: 522 · 2012: 396
- FWCI
- 42.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University Grants Committee
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- measurement invariance, goodness of fit index, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, comparative fit index, critical values, simulation study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
