The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance
Abstract
Measurement invariance is usually tested using Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis, which examines the change in the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) when cross-group constraints are imposed on a measurement model. Although many studies have examined the properties of GFI as indicators of overall model fit for single-group data, there have been none to date that examine how GFIs change when between-group constraints are added to a measurement model. The lack of a consensus about what constitutes significant GFI differences places limits on measurement invariance testing. We examine 20 GFIs based on the minimum fit function. A simulation under the two-group situation was used to examine changes in the GFIs (ΔGFIs) when invariance constraints were added. Based on the results, we recommend using Δcomparative fit index, ΔGamma hat, and ΔMcDonald's Noncentrality Index to evaluate measurement invariance. These three ΔGFIs are independent of both model complexity and sample size, and are not correlated with the overall fit measures. We propose critical values of these ΔGFIs that indicate measurement invariance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Values of both coefficients ≥ 0.70 were interpreted as acceptable indicators of reliability [60, 61].”
From Psychometric validation and measurement invariance of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II in Honduran university students (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“An increase in the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) exceeding 0.01 suggests non-invariance and leads us to reject the model (Cheung and Rensvold, 2002; Chen, 2007).”
From Common Predictive Factors of Social Media Addiction and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Female College Students: State Anxiety and the Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility/Sustained Attention (2022) · cites this paper as Cheung and Rensvold, 2002
In the citing paper
“The results indicated that the Configural invariance model, the metric invariance model, the scalar invariance model, and the strict invariance model were reliable cross-gender (Cheung and Rensvold, 2002; Chen, 2007).”
From Measuring self-as-context in Chinese college students: Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of self-as-context scale (C-SACS) (2022) · cites this paper as Cheung and Rensvold, 2002
In the citing paper
“Like the chisquare, chi-square difference tests present a known sensitivity to sample size and minor model misspecifications so that recent studies suggest complementing this information with changes in CFIs and RMSEAs (Chen, 2007;Cheung & Rensvold, 2002) in the context of tests of measurement invariance.”
From A test of work motivation profile similarity across four distinct samples of employees (2020) · cites this paper as Cheung & Rensvold, 2002
In the citing paper
“The parsimonious model (constrained model) would be selected if the following four criteria suggested by Cheung and Rensvold (2002) and Chen (2007) were met: (a) the constrained model did not generate a significantly worse fit than the unconstrained model (the multiple-group baseline model) according to the chi-square test; (b) the difference in RMSEA ( RMSEA) was lower than .01;(c) the difference”
From Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire in Colombia (2017) · cites this paper as Cheung and Rensvold (2002)
In the citing paper
“The difference in CFI values did not exceed 0.01 [45], indicating that invariance is supported and lending further support for the constrained model.”
From ADHD and the externalizing spectrum: direct comparison of categorical, continuous, and hybrid models of liability in a nationally representative sample (2014) · cites this paper as [45]
Citations
Cites
Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151312 · Cited by 109,314
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 · Cited by 109,190
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442810031002 · Cited by 7,997
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Boomsma, A. (1982). The robustness of LISREL against small sample sizes in factor analysis models. In K. G. Joreskog & H. Wold (Eds.), Systems under indirect observation: Causality, structure, prediction (Part 1, pp. 149-173). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- 10.1037//0021-9010.70.4.662 · DOI
- 10.1037//0021-9010.78.5.753 · DOI
- 10.1037//0021-9010.74.4.625 · DOI
- 10.2307/1163206 · DOI
- 10.1037//0033-2909.103.3.391 · DOI
- 10.1037//0021-9010.73.3.574 · DOI
- 10.1037//0033-2909.114.3.552 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
Chen, F. F. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701301834 · Cited by 12,217
The standards for educational and psychological testing.
Eignor, D. R. (2013) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14047-013 · Cited by 6,985
Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004 · Cited by 4,369
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript indices and criteria should be used to judge “practical” differences in model fit between groups (e.g., Chen, 2007; Cheung & Rensvold, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here.
McNeish, D. (2018) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000144 · Cited by 2,533
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011 · Cited by 2,397
Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure†
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307308913 · Cited by 3,471
Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implications1
Ayyagari, R., Grover, V., & Purvis, R. L. (2011) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41409963 · Cited by 2,425
Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts: A Meta-Analysis
Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612447309 · Cited by 1,959
“Using the ΔCFI (CFI of less restrictive model − CFI of more restrictive model) criterion put forward by Cheung and Rensvold (2002), which indicates that the less restrictive model fits better than the more restrictive nested model, the new less restrictive model showed an improved fit, χ2(9) =…”
MethodKyriazos, T. A. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.98126 · Cited by 1,882
Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance.
Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.568 · Cited by 1,668
Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences
Kim, J., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. P. (2010) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287510385467 · Cited by 1,705
Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research.
Milfont, T. L., & Fischer, R. D. (2010) · International journal of psychological research · doi:10.21500/20112084.857 · Cited by 1,607
Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world
Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., van der Bles, A. M., & van der Linden, S. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.201199 · Cited by 1,447
Orden, K. A. V., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025358 · Cited by 1,502
An Updated Guideline for Assessing Discriminant Validity
Rönkkö, M., & Cho, E. (2022) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428120968614 · Cited by 1,309
Skinner, E. A., Kindermann, T. A., & Furrer, C. J. (2009) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164408323233 · Cited by 1,587
Testing for Factorial Invariance in the Context of Construct Validation
Dimitrov, D. M. (2010) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175610373459 · Cited by 1,275
Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior
MOORE, C., DETERT, J. R., KLEBE TREVIÑO, L., BAKER, V. L., & MAYER, D. M. (2012) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01237.x · Cited by 1,159
de Leeuw, A., Valois, P., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.03.005 · Cited by 1,236
Academic resilience and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach
Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2006) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20149 · Cited by 1,096
Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225 · Cited by 1,049
“In addition, the changes in all of these values between the configural model and the measurement equivalence model were minimal, all within a range supporting ME (Cheung and Rensvold, 2002; Chen, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGagné, M., Forest, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Crevier-Braud, L., van den Broeck, A., Aspeli, A. K., Bellerose, J., Benabou, C., Chemolli, E., Güntert, S. T., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2013.877892 · Cited by 1,051
Nyaga, G. N., Whipple, J. M., & Lynch, D. F. (2009) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2009.07.005 · Cited by 1,102
TEACHER’S CORNER: Testing Measurement Invariance of Second-Order Factor Models
Chen, F. F., Sousa, K. H., & West, S. G. (2005) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1203_7 · Cited by 1,032
Developing and validating a service robot integration willingness scale
Lu, L., Cai, R., & Gursoy, D. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.01.005 · Cited by 1,013
Cross-National, Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior Research: Advances, Gaps, and Recommendations
Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S., & Ou, A. Y. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307300818 · Cited by 979
The effect of social media communication on consumer perceptions of brands
Schivinski, B., & Dąbrowski, D. (2014) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2013.871323 · Cited by 1,164
Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760802303127 · Cited by 1,009
A 3 × 2 achievement goal model.
Elliot, A. J., Murayama, K., & Pekrun, R. H. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023952 · Cited by 970
Academic buoyancy: Towards an understanding of students' everyday academic resilience
Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2007) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.01.002 · Cited by 1,007
Morin, A. J. S., Arens, A. K., & Marsh, H. W. (2015) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.961800 · Cited by 913
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003 · Cited by 810
Rupp, D. E., & Cropanzano, R. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00036-5 · Cited by 810
Customer-based brand equity for a destination
Konečnik, M., & Gartner, W. C. (2007) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2006.10.005 · Cited by 916
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory – Short Form: A revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis
Veale, J. F. (2013) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2013.783045 · Cited by 805
The Relationship Between Social Support and Subjective Well-Being Across Age
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4 · Cited by 810
Measurement Equivalence in Cross-National Research
Davidov, E., Meuleman, B., Cieciuch, J., Schmidt, P., & Billiet, J. (2014) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137 · Cited by 845
Rutkowski, L., & Svetina, D. (2014) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164413498257 · Cited by 767
Measurement invariance: Review of practice and implications
Schmitt, N., & Kuljanin, G. (2008) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.03.003 · Cited by 825
Psychological Need Thwarting in the Sport Context: Assessing the Darker Side of Athletic Experience
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., & Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.1.75 · Cited by 847
Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age
Luhmann, M., & Hawkley, L. C. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000117 · Cited by 758
Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: a walk through the process.
Byrne, B. M. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 722
Student engagement and its relationship with early high school dropout
Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Fallu, J., & Pagani, L. S. (2008) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.007 · Cited by 733
Martin, A. J. (2006) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709906x118036 · Cited by 739
Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1990 · Cited by 887
Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2009) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910708x373959 · Cited by 538
Davidov, E., Schmidt, P., & Schwartz, S. H. (2008) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfn035 · Cited by 743
The Structure of Goal Contents Across 15 Cultures.
Grouzet, F. M. E., Kasser, T., Ahuvia, A., Dols, J. M. F., Kim, Y., Lau, S., Ryan, R. M., Saunders, S. A., Schmuck, P., & Sheldon, K. M. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.800 · Cited by 795
Legault, L., Green‐Demers, I., & Pelletier, L. G. (2006) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.3.567 · Cited by 791
Eaton, N. R., Keyes, K. M., Krueger, R. F., Balsis, S., Skodol, A. E., Markon, K. E., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024780 · Cited by 701
Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Altoè, G., Conforti, E., Melli, G., & Sica, C. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.005 · Cited by 701
Psychometric Properties of the CES-D-10 in a Psychiatric Sample
Björgvinsson, T., Kertz, S. J., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., McCoy, K. L., & Aderka, I. M. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113481998 · Cited by 690
Understanding Libertarian Morality: The Psychological Dispositions of Self-Identified Libertarians
Iyer, R., Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042366 · Cited by 781
Sources of self-efficacy in mathematics: A validation study
Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.09.002 · Cited by 796
McLean, G., & Wilson, A. M. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.002 · Cited by 726
Developmental changes in executive functioning.
Lee, K., Bull, R., & Ho, R. M. H. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12096 · Cited by 633
Rigotti, T., Schyns, B., & Mohr, G. (2008) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072707305763 · Cited by 653
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000702 · Cited by 643
Purchase intention and purchase behavior online: A cross-cultural approach
Peña-García, N., Saura, I. G., Orejuela, A. R., & Siqueira, J. R. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04284 · Cited by 821
Akremi, A. E., Gond, J., Swaen, V., Roeck, K. D., & Igalens, J. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206315569311 · Cited by 690
semTools: Useful Tools for Structural Equation Modeling
Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2012) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.semtools · Cited by 664
Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.
Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Becker, M., Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M. J., Brown, R., González, R., Didier, N., Carrasco, D., Cadena, M. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000175 · Cited by 601
Ruzek, E. A., Hafen, C. A., Allen, J. P., Gregory, A., Mikami, A. Y., & Pianta, R. C. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.004 · Cited by 737
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J. L. (2006) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1207/s15327574ijt0604_1 · Cited by 599
The Math and Science Engagement Scales: Scale development, validation, and psychometric properties
Wang, M.-T., Fredricks, J. A., Ye, F., Hofkens, T. L., & Linn, J. S. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.008 · Cited by 592
Kim, S., Vandenabeele, W., Wright, B. E., Andersen, L. B., Cerase, F. P., Christensen, R. K., Desmarais, C., Koumenta, M., Leisink, P. L. M., Liu, B., et al. (2012) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mus027 · Cited by 621
Zisberg, A., Shadmi, E., Gur‐Yaish, N., Tonkikh, O., & Sinoff, G. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13193 · Cited by 584
The Motivation at Work Scale: Validation Evidence in Two Languages
Gagné, M., Forest, J., Gilbert, M.-H., Aubé, C., Morin, E., & Malorni, A. (2010) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164409355698 · Cited by 770
The common sense model of self-regulation: Meta-analysis and test of a process model.
Hagger, M. S., Koch, S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Orbell, S. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000118 · Cited by 622
Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024298 · Cited by 622
Byrne, B. M., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2010) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1080/15305051003637306 · Cited by 578
Muis, K. R., Bendixen, L. D., & Feucht, F. C. (2006) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9003-6 · Cited by 574
Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence: Gender Differences in Development and Links with Empathy
der Graaff, J. V., Carlo, G., Crocetti, E., Koot, H. M., & Branje, S. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0786-1 · Cited by 651
Exploring the validity of a teachers’ self-efficacy scale in five countries
Klassen, R. M., Bong, M., Usher, E. L., Chong, W. H., Huan, V. S. L., Wong, I., & Georgiou, T. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.08.001 · Cited by 574
Measuring Community Connectedness among Diverse Sexual Minority Populations
Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2011) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.565427 · Cited by 561
Developmental cognitive neuroscience using latent change score models: A tutorial and applications
Kievit, R. A., Brandmaier, A. M., Ziegler, G., van Harmelen, A.-L., de Mooij, S. M. M., Moutoussis, M., Goodyer, I. M., Bullmore, E., Jones, P. B., Fonagy, P., et al. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.11.007 · Cited by 516
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.251 · Cited by 554
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.2.193 · Cited by 603
Marsh, H. W., Pekrun, R., Parker, P. D., Murayama, K., Guo, J., Dicke, T., & Arens, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000281 · Cited by 535
Lüdtke, O., Roberts, B. W., Trautwein, U., & Nagy, G. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023743 · Cited by 574
Teo, T. P., & Noyes, J. (2011) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.03.002 · Cited by 576
Sass, D. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282911406661 · Cited by 531
The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others
Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Basran, J. (2017) · Journal of Compassionate Health Care · doi:10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3 · Cited by 527
Empowering leadership: Construct clarification, conceptualization, and validation of a new scale
Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, Ø. L. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.009 · Cited by 653
Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A. C., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109349579 · Cited by 521
Jang, H., Kim, E. J., & Reeve, J. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028089 · Cited by 569
Greenier, V., Derakhshan, A., & Fathi, J. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102446 · Cited by 576
Klassen, R. M., Perry, N. E., & Frenzel, A. C. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026253 · Cited by 634
The development and initial validation of the Decent Work Scale.
Duffy, R. D., Allan, B. A., England, J. W., Blustein, D. L., Autin, K. L., Douglass, R. P., Ferreira, J. A., & Santos, E. J. R. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000191 · Cited by 577
Development and Validation of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale
Fahlman, S. A., Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Flora, D. B., & Eastwood, J. D. (2011) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191111421303 · Cited by 568
Development and validation of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI).
Forbush, K. T., Wildes, J. E., Pollack, L. O., Dunbar, D., Luo, J., Patterson, K., Petruzzi, L. J., Pollpeter, M. J., Miller, H. L., Stone, A. M., et al. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0032639 · Cited by 506
Development and validation of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire (CAT-Q)
Hull, L., Mandy, W., Lai, M.-C., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., & Petrides, K. V. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6 · Cited by 496
Roberts, N., & Grover, V. (2012) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222280409 · Cited by 553
Changing attitudes toward immigration in Europe, 2002–2007: A dynamic group conflict theory approach
Meuleman, B., Davidov, E., & Billiet, J. (2008) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.09.006 · Cited by 500
Lee, J. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.10.009 · Cited by 542
Psychometric analysis of the Ten-Item Perceived Stress Scale.
Taylor, J. M. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0038100 · Cited by 562
Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9095-z · Cited by 577
Wu, A. D., Li, Z., & Zumbo, B. D. (2020) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/mhqa-cd89 · Cited by 497
Sheldon, K. M., & Hilpert, J. C. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9279-4 · Cited by 487
Trautwein, U., Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., Lüdtke, O., Nagy, G., & Jonkmann, K. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027470 · Cited by 541
Metadata
- Authors
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- ORCID
- Cheung, Gordon W.
- Venue
- Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 233-255
- ISSN
- 1070-5511 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2089871805
- Cited by
- 16,280
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1791 · 2025: 1391 · 2024: 1235 · 2023: 1334 · 2022: 1220 · 2021: 1260 · 2020: 1112 · 2019: 1016 · 2018: 935 · 2017: 829 · 2016: 756 · 2015: 695 · 2014: 595 · 2013: 522 · 2012: 396
- FWCI
- 42.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University Grants Committee
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- measurement invariance, goodness of fit index, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, comparative fit index, critical values, simulation study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
