Pleiotropic actions of insulin resistance and inflammation in metabolic homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
Metabolism and immunity are inextricably linked both to each other and to organism-wide function, allowing mammals to adapt to changes in their internal and external environments. In the modern context of obesogenic diets and lifestyles, however, these adaptive responses can have deleterious consequences. In this Review, we discuss the pleiotropic actions of inflammation and insulin resistance in metabolic homeostasis and disease. An appreciation of the adaptive context in which these responses arose is useful for understanding their pathogenic actions in disease.
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M1 macrophages secrete TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and chemokines that promote the influx of activated CD4+ Th1 cells.
“M1 macrophages secrete TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and chemokines that promote the influx of activated CD4+ Th1 cells [14,20,239,248].”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [248]
In “Adaptive metabolic leukocyte activation” (page unavailable), the paper says M1-biased macrophages are thought to be a major source of inflammatory cytokines in obese adipose tissue. “Inflammation: a link between obesity and metabolic disease” (page unavailable) identifies TNFα as an M1 marker and describes a concurrent increase in TH1 cells. It does not specify IL-1β or IL-6 secretion by M1 macrophages, or say that macrophage-secreted chemokines drive the influx of activated CD4+ TH1 cells. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β exacerbate insulin resistance, while anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 promote insulin sensitivity.
“Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β exacerbate insulin resistance [20], while anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 promote insulin sensitivity [248].”
In some studies, habitual short sleep duration has been found to be unrelated to WBC counts, NK-cell activity, and telomere length.
“in some of those studies, habitual short sleep duration has been found to be unrelated to WBC counts (156, 405), NK-cell activity (391), and telomere length (451)”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [405]
Based on objective sleep assessment through actigraphy, elevated WBC counts in a sample of almost 1,100 elderly individuals were associated with lower sleep efficiency and higher nocturnal wake time in women only; this association held after controlling for age, obesity, and hypertension.
“Based on objective sleep assessment through actigraphy, elevated WBC counts in a sample of almost 1,100 elderly individuals were associated with lower sleep efficiency and higher nocturnal wake time in women only; this association held even after controlling for various confounders, such as age, obesity, and hypertension”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [405]
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- Authors
- Odegaard, J. I., & Chawla, A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chawla, Ajay
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2013-01-11
- Volume
- 339
- Issue
- 6116
- Pages
- 172-177
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3725457
- OpenAlex
- W2041510403
- Cited by
- 643
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD006415)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL076746, R01HL076746)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK081405, DK-094641, R01DK094641)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (DP1AR064158)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- insulin resistance, inflammation, metabolic homeostasis, obesity, obesogenic diet, adaptive immunity, metabolic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Leukocytes, Metabolic Diseases, Metabolism, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome
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