Role of Thyroid Hormones in Skeletal Development and Bone Maintenance

Bassett, J. H. Duncan; Williams, Graham R.

doi:10.1210/er.2015-1106

Cited by 540Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsBone Metabolism and DiseasesBone health and osteoporosis research

Role of Thyroid Hormones in Skeletal Development and Bone Maintenance

Open access

Bassett, J. H. Duncan, Williams, Graham R.·2016·Endocrine Reviews

DOI 10.1210/er.2015-1106PMC PMC4823381

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone turnover and maintenance. Thyrotoxicosis is an established cause of secondary osteoporosis, and abnormal thyroid hormone signaling has recently been identified as a novel risk factor for osteoarthritis. Skeletal phenotypes in genetically modified mice have faithfully reproduced genetic disorders in humans, revealing the complex physiological relationship between centrally regulated thyroid status and the peripheral actions of thyroid hormones. Studies in mutant mice also established the paradigm that T3 exerts anabolic actions during growth and catabolic effects on adult bone. Thus, the skeleton represents an ideal physiological system in which to characterize thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action during development and adulthood and in response to injury. Future analysis of T3 action in individual skeletal cell lineages will provide new insights into cell-specific molecular mechanisms and may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1210/er.2015-1106

Cites

565 of 565 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Thyroid hormones have profound effects on skeletal development and bone maintenance, affecting osteoclast and osteoblast function and participating in the regulation of bone metabolism.
“Thyroid hormones have profound effects on the skeletal development and bone maintenance, affecting not only the function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts but also participating in the regulation of bone metabolism [3–5].”
From Effects of levothyroxine therapy on bone and mineral metabolism in hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Thyroid status at the upper end of the euthyroid reference range is associated with low bone mineral density and increased risk of osteoporotic fragility fracture.
“Thus, thyroid status at the upper end of the euthyroid reference range is associated with low BMD and increased risk of osteoporotic fragility fracture.”
From Thyroid diseases and bone health (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Childhood hypothyroidism causes delayed skeletal development, retarded linear growth and impaired bone mineral accrual.
“Childhood hypothyroidism causes delayed skeletal development, retarded linear growth and impaired bone mineral accrual.”
From Thyroid diseases and bone health (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
TRα is the main receptor expressed in the skeleton and mediates T3 action in bone and cartilage.
“TRα is the main receptor expressed in the skeleton and mediates T3 action in bone and cartilage [1].”
From Thyroid diseases and bone health (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
T3 exerts catabolic actions in the adult skeleton and stimulates bone loss.
“Overall, and in contrast to the effects on the juvenile skeleton in which thyroid hormones are anabolic and stimulate bone growth and mineralization, T3 exerts catabolic actions in the adult skeleton and stimulates bone loss [1].”
From Thyroid diseases and bone health (2018) · cites this paper as [1]

Post-menopausal women on suppressive doses of T4 may be at risk of bone loss and osteoporosis.
“Overall, post-menopausal women on suppressive doses of T4 may be at risk of bone loss and osteoporosis [1].”
From Thyroid diseases and bone health (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Analysis of the skeletal consequences of mutations of Thrb in mouse models of RTHβ is consistent with a skeletal phenotype of accelerated bone development in juveniles and increased bone turnover with osteoporosis in adults.
“Nevertheless, analysis of the skeletal consequences of mutations of Thrb in mouse models of RTHβ is consistent with a skeletal phenotype of accelerated bone development in juveniles and increased bone turnover with osteoporosis in adults that is due to increased T3 action in cartilage and bone [1, 83, 89–91].”
From Thyroid diseases and bone health (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
The skeletal phenotype in mouse models of RTHβ is due to increased T3 action in cartilage and bone.
“Nevertheless, analysis of the skeletal consequences of mutations of Thrb in mouse models of RTHβ is consistent with a skeletal phenotype of accelerated bone development in juveniles and increased bone turnover with osteoporosis in adults that is due to increased T3 action in cartilage and bone [1, 83, 89–91].”
From Thyroid diseases and bone health (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Thyroid hormones play an essential role in regulating bone metabolism, including skeletal development, linear growth, maintenance of bone mass, and efficient fracture healing.
“Thyroid hormones play an essential role in regulating bone metabolism, including skeletal development, linear growth, maintenance of bone mass, and efficient fracture healing (13).”
From Effect of TSH Suppression Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [13]

Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation.
Lacey, D. L., Timms, E., Tan, H.-L., Kelley, M. J., Dunstan, C. R., Burgess, T., Elliott, R., Colombero, A., Elliott, G., Scully, S., et al. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81569-x · Cited by 5,439 · see citing works
Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL
Yasuda, H., Shima, N., Nakagawa, N., Yamaguchi, K., Kinosaki, M., Mochizuki, S.-I., Tomoyasu, A., Yano, K., Goto, M., Murakami, A., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3597 · Cited by 4,224 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in White Women
Cummings, S. R., Nevitt, M. C., Browner, W. S., Stone, K., Fox, K. M., Ensrud, K. E., Cauley, J., Black, D., & Vogt, T. M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199503233321202 · Cited by 3,595 · see citing works
Developmental regulation of the growth plate
Kronenberg, H. M. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01657 · Cited by 2,859 · see citing works
The amazing osteocyte
Bonewald, L. F. (2011) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.320 · Cited by 2,287 · see citing works
Bone Quality — The Material and Structural Basis of Bone Strength and Fragility
Seeman, E., & Delmas, P. D. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra053077 · Cited by 2,108 · see citing works
Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases
Bianco, A. C., Salvatore, D., Gereben, B., Berry, M. J., & Larsen, P. R. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.23.1.0455 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
Evidence for osteocyte regulation of bone homeostasis through RANKL expression
Nakashima, T., Hayashi, M., Fukunaga, T., Kurata, K., Oh-hora, M., Feng, J. Q., Bonewald, L. F., Kodama, T., Wutz, A., Wagner, E. F., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2452 · Cited by 1,778 · see citing works
Indian hedgehog signaling regulates proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and is essential for bone formationPreprint
St‐Jacques, B., Hammerschmidt, M., & McMahon, A. P. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.16.2072 · Cited by 1,742 · see citing works
Genetic regulation of osteoclast development and function
Teitelbaum, S. L., & Ross, F. (2003) · Nature reviews genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1122 · Cited by 1,733 · see citing works
Reaching a Genetic and Molecular Understanding of Skeletal Development
Karsenty, G., & Wagner, E. F. (2002) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00157-0 · Cited by 1,594 · see citing works
The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor
Weinberger, C., Thompson, C. C., Ong, E. S., Lebo, R. V., Gruol, D. J., & Evans, R. M. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/324641a0 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling
Raggatt, L. J., & Partridge, N. C. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r109.041087 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works
Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Hormone Actions
Cheng, S.-Y., Leonard, J. L., & Davis, P. J. (2010) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2009-0007 · Cited by 1,384 · see citing works
The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone
Sap, J., Múñoz, A., Damm, K., Goldberg, Y., Ghysdael, J., Leutz, A., Beug, H., & Vennström, B. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/324635a0 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Deletion of active ADAMTS5 prevents cartilage degradation in a murine model of osteoarthritis
Glasson, S. S., Askew, R., Sheppard, B. J., Carito, B. A., Blanchet, T., Ma, H., Flannery, C. R., Peluso, D., Kanki, K., Yang, Z., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03369 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action
Brent, G. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci60047 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 56 bone mineral density loci and reveals 14 loci associated with risk of fracture
Estrada, K., Styrkársdóttir, U., Εvangelou, Ε., Hsu, Y., Duncan, E. L., Ntzani, E., Oei, L., Albagha, O., Amin, N., Kemp, J. P., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2249 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Building strong bones: molecular regulation of the osteoblast lineage
Long, F. (2011) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3254 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling
Bonewald, L. F., & Johnson, M. L. (2008) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.224 · Cited by 1,076 · see citing works
Skeletal remodeling in health and disease
Zaidi, M. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1593 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
The Osteocyte: An Endocrine Cell … and More
Dallas, S. L., Prideaux, M., & Bonewald, L. F. (2013) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1026 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
Werner & Ingbar's the thyroid : a fundamental and clinical text
Werner, S. C., Ingbar, S. H., Braverman, L. E., & Utiger, R. D. (2012) · Lippincott-Raven eBooks · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Anatomical profiling of nuclear receptor expression reveals a hierarchical transcriptional network
Bookout, A. L., Jeong, Y., Downes, M., Yu, R. T., Evans, R. M., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.049 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Nongenomic actions of steroid hormones
Lösel, R., & Wehling, M. (2003) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1009 · Cited by 980 · see citing works
Enhanced cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases in osteoarthritic articular cartilage.
Billinghurst, R. C., Dahlberg, L., Ionescu, M., Reiner, A., Bourne, R., Rorabeck, C. H., Mitchell, P. G., Hambor, J., Diekmann, O., Tschesche, H., et al. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119316 · Cited by 970 · see citing works
ADAMTS5 is the major aggrecanase in mouse cartilage in vivo and in vitro
Stanton, H., Rogerson, F. M., East, C. J., Golub, S. B., Lawlor, K. E., Meeker, C. T., Little, C. B., Last, K., Farmer, P. J., Campbell, I. K., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03417 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
FGF signaling pathways in endochondral and intramembranous bone development and human genetic diseasePreprint
Ornitz, D. M., & Marie, P. J. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.990702 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Deiodinase-Regulated Thyroid Hormone Signaling1
Gereben, B., Zavacki, A. M., Ribich, S., Kim, B. W., Huang, S. A., Simonides, W. S., Zeöld, A., & Bianco, A. C. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0019 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
The Syndromes of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone*
Refetoff, S., Weiss, R. E., & Usala, S. J. (1993) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-14-3-348 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Deiodinases: implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action
Bianco, A. C., & Kim, B. W. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29812 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand and Osteoprotegerin Regulation of Bone Remodeling in Health and Disease
Kearns, A. E., Khosla, S., & Kostenuik, P. J. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0014 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
The cell biology of osteoclast function
Väänänen, H. K., Zhao, H., Mulari, M. T. K., & Halleen, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.113.3.377 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Association between mutations in a thyroid hormone transporter and severe X-linked psychomotor retardation
Friesema, E. C., Grueters, A., Biebermann, H., Krude, H., von Moers, A., Reeser, M., Barrett, T. G., Mancilla, E. E., Svensson, J., Kester, M. H., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17226-7 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
A Novel Syndrome Combining Thyroid and Neurological Abnormalities Is Associated with Mutations in a Monocarboxylate Transporter Gene
Dumitrescu, A. M., Liao, X.-H., Best, T. B., Brockmann, K., & Refetoff, S. (2004) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/380999 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function
Bernal, J. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology &#38 Metabolism · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0424 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
NF-κB as a potential therapeutic target in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Roman‐Blas, J. A., & Jiménez, S. A. (2006) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2006.04.008 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
TSH Is a Negative Regulator of Skeletal Remodeling
Abe, E., Marians, R. C., Yu, W., Wu, X.-B., Ando, T., Li, Y., Iqbal, J., Eldeiry, L., Rajendren, G., Blair, H. C., et al. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00771-2 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
The ligand for osteoprotegerin (OPGL) directly activates mature osteoclasts.
Burgess, T. L., Qian, Y.-X., Kaufman, S., Ring, B. D., Van, G., Capparelli, C., Kelley, M., Hsu, H., Boyle, W. J., Dunstan, C. R., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.145.3.527 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Genetic Control of Bone Formation
Karsenty, G., Kronenberg, H. M., & Settembre, C. (2009) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113308 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Anabolic Therapies for Osteoporosis
CANALIS, E. M., Giustina, A., & Bilezikian, J. P. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra067395 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
The Thyrotropin Receptor and the Regulation of Thyrocyte Function and Growth*
Vassart, G., & Dumont, J. E. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-13-3-596 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Follicular cells of the thyroid gland require Pax8 gene function
Mansouri, A., Chowdhury, K., & Gruß, P. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0598-87 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway to Regulate Bone Formation in the Adult Skeleton
Baron, R., & Rawadi, G. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0270 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Familial Syndrome Combining Deaf-Mutism, Stippled Epiphyses, Goiter and Abnormally High PBI: Possible Target Organ Refractoriness to Thyroid Hormone12
REFETOFF, S., DEWIND, L. T., & DEGROOT, L. J. (1967) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-27-2-279 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Integrin αVβ3 Contains a Cell Surface Receptor Site for Thyroid Hormone that Is Linked to Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Induction of Angiogenesis
Bergh, J. J., Lin, H., Lansing, L., Mohamed, S. N., Davis, F. B., Mousa, S. A., & Davis, P. J. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0102 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Light-induced hormone conversion of T4 to T3 regulates photoperiodic response of gonads in birds
Yoshimura, T., Yasuo, S., Watanabe, M., Iigo, M., Yamamura, T., Hirunagi, K., & Ebihara, S. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02117 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
A thyroid hormone receptor that is required for the development of green cone photoreceptors
Ng, L., Hurley, J. B., Dierks, B. D., Srinivas, M., Saltó, C., Vennström, B., Reh, T. A., & Forrest, D. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/83829 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Thyrotrophin in the pars tuberalis triggers photoperiodic response
Nakao, N., Ono, H., Yamamura, T., Anraku, T., Takagi, T., Higashi, K., Yasuo, S., Katou, Y., Kageyama, S., Uno, Y., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06738 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Abnormal heart rate and body temperature in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor α1
Wikström, L., Johansson, C., Saltó, C., Barlow, C., Campos‐Barros, Á., Baas, F., Forrest, D., Thorén, P., & Vennström, B. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.2.455 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Osteopetrosis
Tolar, J., Teitelbaum, S. L., & Orchard, P. J. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra040952 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Mechanotransduction and strain amplification in osteocyte cell processes
Han, Y., Cowin, S. C., Schaffler, M. B., & Weinbaum, S. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407429101 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Functional characterization of hypertrophy in chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells
Mueller, M. B., & Tuan, R. S. (2008) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.23370 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Interaction of FGF, Ihh/Pthlh, and BMP signaling integrates chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation.
Minina, E., Kreschel, C., Naski, M., Ornitz, D., & Vortkamp, A. (2002) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00261-7 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Bauer, D. C., Ettinger, B., Nevitt, M. C., Stone, K. L., & for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-7-200104030-00009 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors are viable but exhibit disorders of the pituitary-thyroid axis, growth, and bone maturationPreprint
Gothe, S., Wang, Z., Ng, L., Kindblom, J. M., Campos‐Barros, Á., Ohlsson, C., Vennström, B., & Forrest, D. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.10.1329 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Recessive resistance to thyroid hormone in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor beta: evidence for tissue‐specific modulation of receptor function.
Forrest, D., Hanebuth, E., Smeyne, R. J., Everds, N. E., Stewart, C. L., Wehner, J. M., & Curran, T. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00664.x · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation
Nakashima, K., & Crombrugghe, B. D. (2003) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00176-8 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Effects of thyroid hormones on bone and mineral metabolism
Mosekilde, L., Eriksen, E. F., & Charles, P. (1990) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(18)30338-4 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Concentration and Morbidity from Cardiovascular Disease and Fractures in Patients on Long-Term Thyroxine Therapy
Flynn, R. W., Bonellie, S. R., Jung, R. T., MacDonald, T. M., Morris, A. D., & Leese, G. P. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1625 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Different functions for the thyroid hormone receptors TRα and TRβ in the control of thyroid hormone production and post‐natal development
Gauthier, K. C., Chassande, O., Plateroti, M., Roux, J., Legrand, C., Pain, B., Rousset, B., Weiss, R. E., Trouillas, J., & Samarut, J. (1999) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/18.3.623 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Mutations in SECISBP2 result in abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism
Dumitrescu, A. M., Liao, X.-H., Abdullah, M. S. Y., Lado-Abeal, J., Majed, F. A., Moeller, L. C., Boran, G., Schomburg, L., Weiss, R. E., & Refetoff, S. (2005) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1654 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Effects on bone mass of long term treatment with thyroid hormones: a meta-analysis
Uzzan, B., Campos, J., Cucherat, M., Nony, P., Boissel, J. P., & Perret, G. Y. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.12.8954028 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions
Bassett, J. H. D., Harvey, C. B., & Williams, G. R. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.033 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citation
Minireview: Thyroid Hormone Transporters: The Knowns and the Unknowns
Visser, W. E., Friesema, E. C. H., & Visser, T. J. (2011) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2010-0095 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Osteocyte-Driven Bone Remodeling
Bellido, T. (2014) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-013-9774-y · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Genetics of Osteoporosis
Ralston, S. H., & Uitterlinden, A. G. (2010) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2009-0044 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone receptors and resistance to thyroid hormone disorders
Ortiga-Carvalho, T. M., Sidhaye, A. R., & Wondisford, F. E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.143 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Direct stimulation of bone resorption by thyroid hormones.
Mundy, G. R., Shapiro, J. L., Bandelin, J. G., CANALIS, E. M., & Raisz, L. G. (1976) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108497 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
A Mutation in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Gene
Bochukova, E., Schoenmakers, N., Agostini, M., Schoenmakers, E., Rajanayagam, O., Keogh, J. M., Henning, E., Reinemund, J., Gevers, E., Sarri, M., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1110296 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Changes in bone mass during prolonged subclinical hyperthyroidism due to l-thyroxine treatment: a meta-analysis
Faber, J., & Galløe, A. M. (1994) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1300350 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Targeted Disruption of the Type 2 Selenodeiodinase Gene (DIO2) Results in a Phenotype of Pituitary Resistance to T4
Schneider, M. J., Fiering, S. N., Pallud, S. E., Parlow, A. F., St. Germain, D. L., & Galton, V. A. (2001) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.15.12.0740 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans
Luiza Maia, A. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25083 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis: the developmental aspect of degenerative joint disorders
Dreier, R. (2010) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar3117 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Building bone to reverse osteoporosis and repair fractures
Khosla, S., Westendorf, J. J., & Oursler, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci33612 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism in mice lacking the monocarboxylate transporter 8
Trajkovic, M., Visser, T. J., Mittag, J., Horn, S., Lukas, J., Darras, V. M., Raivich, G., Bauer, K., & Heuer, H. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28253 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
The T3Rα gene encoding a thyroid hormone receptor is essential for post‐natal development and thyroid hormone production
Fraichard, A., Chassande, O., Plateroti, M., Roux, J. P., Trouillas, J., Dehay, C., Legrand, C., Gauthier, K. C., Kédinger, M., Malaval, L., et al. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.14.4412 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Type 3 deiodinase is critical for the maturation and function of the thyroid axis
Hernández, A. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci26240 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and Fracture Risk: A Meta-analysis
Blum, M. R., Bauer, D. C., Collet, T.-H., Fink, H. A., Cappola, A. R., da Costa, B. R., Wirth, C. D., Peeters, R. P., Åsvold, B. O., den Elzen, W. P. J., et al. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.5161 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resistance to Thyrotropin Caused by Mutations in the Thyrotropin-Receptor Gene
Sunthornthepvarakul, T., Gottschalk, M. E., Hayashi, Y., & Refetoff, S. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199501193320305 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
A Mutation in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Gene
Bochukova, E. G., Schoenmakers, N. A., Agostini, M., Schoenmakers, E., Rajanayagam, O., Keogh, J. M., Henning, E., Reinemund, J., Gevers, E. F., Sarri, M., et al. (2012) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Tissue-specific thyroid hormone deprivation and excess in monocarboxylate transporter (mct) 8-deficient mice
Dumitrescu, A. M., Liao, X.-H., Weiss, R. E., Millen, K., & Refetoff, S. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-0390 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Modulating hedgehog signaling can attenuate the severity of osteoarthritis
Lin, A. C., Seeto, B. L., Bartoszko, J. M., et al. (2009) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2055 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Mutations in the selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2 gene lead to a multisystem selenoprotein deficiency disorder in humans
Schoenmakers, E., Agostini, M., Mitchell, C., Schoenmakers, N., Papp, L., Rajanayagam, O., Padidela, R., Ceron-Gutierrez, L., Doffinger, R., Prevosto, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci43653 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The human thyrotropin receptor: a heptahelical receptor capable of stimulating members of all four G protein families.
Laugwitz, K., Allgeier, A., Offermanns, S., Spicher, K., Sande, J. V., Dumont, J. E., & Schultz, G. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.116 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
A Wnt canon orchestrating osteoblastogenesis
Hartmann, C. (2006) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.01.001 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone receptors: lessons from knockout and knock-in mutant mice
Flamant, F., & Samarut, J. (2003) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(02)00043-7 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Congenital Hyperthyroidism Caused by a Mutation in the Thyrotropin-Receptor Gene
Kopp, P. A., SANDE, J. V., Parma, J., Duprez, L., Gerber, H., JOSS, E. E., Jameson, J. L., Dumont, J. E., & Vassart, G. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199501193320304 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Mortality after the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism with Radioactive Iodine
Franklyn, J. A., Maisonneuve, P., Sheppard, M. C., Betteridge, J., & Boyle, P. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199803123381103 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action
Harvey, C. B., & Williams, G. R. (2002) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072502760143791 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citation
Hyperthyroidism, Bone Mineral, and Fracture Risk—A Meta-Analysis
Vestergaard, P., & Mosekilde, L. (2003) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072503322238854 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Contrasting developmental and tissue‐specific expression of alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptor genes.
Forrest, D., Sjöberg, M., & Vennström, B. (1990) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08270.x · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Defining the Roles of the Iodothyronine Deiodinases: Current Concepts and Challenges
Germain, D. L. S., Galton, V. A., & Hernández, A. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-1588 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone: genetic defects in hormone receptors, cell transporters and deiodination
Refetoff, S., & Dumitrescu, A. M. (2007) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2007.03.005 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Fractures in Patients with Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism: A Nationwide Follow-Up Study in 16,249 Patients
Vestergaard, P., & Mosekilde, L. (2002) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072502760043503 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Cloning and Characterization of Two Novel Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Isoforms
Williams, G. R. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.22.8329-8342.2000 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citation
Transporters MCT8 and OATP1C1 maintain murine brain thyroid hormone homeostasis
Mayerl, S., Müller, J., Bauer, R., Richert, S., Kassmann, C. M., Darras, V. M., Buder, K., Boelen, A., Visser, T. J., & Heuer, H. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci70324 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Involvement of thyrotropin in photoperiodic signal transduction in mice
Ono, H., Hoshino, Y., Yasuo, S., Watanabe, M., Nakane, Y., Murai, A., Ebihara, S., Korf, H., & Yoshimura, T. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808952105 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
A Review of the Clinical Consequences of Variation in Thyroid Function Within the Reference Range
Taylor, P. N., Razvi, S., Pearce, S. H., & Dayan, C. M. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1315 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Genetic Analysis Reveals Different Functions for the Products of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Locus
Gauthier, K. C., Plateroti, M., Harvey, C. B., Williams, G. R., Weiss, R. E., Refetoff, S., Willott, J. F., Sundin, V., Roux, J.-P., Malaval, L., et al. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.14.4748-4760.2001 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citation
Genetic and Clinical Features of 42 Kindreds with Resistance to Thyroid Hormone: The National Institutes of Health Prospective Study
Brücker-Davis, F., Skarulis, M. C., Grace, M. B., Benichou, J., Hauser, P., Wiggs, E., & Weintraub, B. D. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-123-8-199510150-00002 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Long-Term Growth in Juvenile Acquired Hypothyroidism:
Rivkees, S. A., Bode, H. H., & Crawford, J. D. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198803103181003 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Hypoxia-inducible factor induces local thyroid hormone inactivation during hypoxic-ischemic disease in rats
Simonides, W. S., Mulcahey, M. A., Redout, E. M., Muller, A., Zuidwijk, M. J., Visser, T. J., Wassen, F. W. J. S., Crescenzi, A., da‐Silva, W. S., Harney, J. W., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci32824 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone associated with a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the human thyroid hormone receptor beta.
Sakurai, A., Takeda, K., Ain, K., Ceccarelli, P., Nakai, A., Seino, S., Bell, G. I., Refetoff, S., & DeGroot, L. J. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.22.8977 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone β receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone
Kaneshige, M., Kaneshige, K., Zhu, X.-G., Dace, A., Garrett, L. J., Carter, T. A., Kazlauskaite, R., Pankratz, D. G., Wynshaw-Boris, A. J., Refetoff, S., et al. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.230285997 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone
Refetoff, S. (1993) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.14.3.348 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Targeted Disruption of the Type 1 Selenodeiodinase Gene (Dio1) Results in Marked Changes in Thyroid Hormone Economy in Mice
Schneider, M. J., Fiering, S. N., Thai, B., Wu, S.-Y., St. Germain, E., Parlow, A. F., St. Germain, D. L., & Galton, V. A. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0739 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The molecular actions of thyroid hormone in bone
Duncan Bassett, J. H., & Williams, G. R. (2003) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(03)00144-9 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citation
Thyrotropin receptor-associated diseases: from adenomata to Graves disease
Davies, T. F. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci26031 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
Weiss, R. E., & Refetoff, S. (2000) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1010072605757 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Regulation of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation by stress
Zuscik, M. J., Hilton, M. J., Zhang, X., Chen, D., & O’Keefe, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci34174 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone
Dumitrescu, A. M., & Refetoff, S. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.005 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Familial congenital hypothyroidism due to inactivating mutation of the thyrotropin receptor causing profound hypoplasia of the thyroid gland.
Abramowicz, M. J., Duprez, L., Parma, J., Vassart, G., & Heinrichs, C. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119497 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The Thyrotropin Receptor in Thyroid Diseases
Paschke, R., & Ludgate, M. E. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199712043372307 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Characterization of seven novel mutations of the c-erbA beta gene in unrelated kindreds with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Evidence for two "hot spot" regions of the ligand binding domain.
Parrilla, R., Mixson, A. J., McPherson, J. A., McClaskey, J. H., & Weintraub, B. D. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115542 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
A Pro250Arg substitution in mouse Fgfr1 causes increased expression of Cbfa1 and premature fusion of calvarial sutures.
Zhou, Y.-X., Xu, X.-L., Chen, L., Li, C.-L., Brodie, S., & Deng, C.-X. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.13.2001 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Expression Profiles of the Three Iodothyronine Deiodinases, D1, D2, and D3, in the Developing Rat1
Bates, J. M., Germain, D. L. S., & Galton, V. A. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.2.6537 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Long-term L-thyroxine therapy is associated with decreased hip bone density in premenopausal women.
Paul, T. L., Kerrigan, J., Kelly, A., Braverman, L., & Baran, D. (1988) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03720210027023 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Induces Rapid Activation of Akt/Protein Kinase B-Mammalian Target of Rapamycin-p70S6KCascade through Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Human Fibroblasts
Cao, X., Kambe, F., Moeller, L. C., Refetoff, S., & Seo, H. (2004) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2004-0093 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Biologic Variation is Important for Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests
Andersen, S., Bruun, N. H., Pedersen, K. M., & Laurberg, P. (2003) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072503770867237 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
An unliganded thyroid hormone receptor causes severe neurological dysfunction
Hashimoto, K., Curty, F. H., Borges, P. P., Lee, C. E., Abel, E. D., Elmquist, J. K., Cohen, R., & Wondisford, F. E. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.051454698 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The thyrotropin receptor and the regulation of thyrocyte function and growth
Vassart, G. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.13.3.596 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Advances in osteoclast biology: old findings and new insights from mouse models
Edwards, J., & Mundy, G. R. (2011) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2011.23 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Thyroid-Related Traits Reveals Novel Loci and Gender-Specific Differences in the Regulation of Thyroid Function
Porcu, E., Medici, M., Pistis, G., Volpato, C. B., Wilson, S. G., Cappola, A. R., Bos, S. D., Deelen, J., den Heijer, M., Freathy, R. M., et al. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003266 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Genetic analysis of 29 kindreds with generalized and pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone. Identification of thirteen novel mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene.
Adams, M., Matthews, C., Collingwood, T. N., Tone, Y., Beck‐Peccoz, P., & Chatterjee, K. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117362 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The Hedgehog-inducible ubiquitin ligase subunit WSB-1 modulates thyroid hormone activation and PTHrP secretion in the developing growth plate
Dentice, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., Gereben, B., Callebaut, I., Christoffolete, M. A., Kim, B. W., Nissim, S., Mornon, J.-P., Zavacki, A. M., Zeöld, A., et al. (2005) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1272 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Osteoblasts mediate thyroid hormone stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption.
Britto, J. M., Fenton, A., Holloway, W. R., & Nicholson, G. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.134.1.8275930 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Anxiety, memory impairment, and locomotor dysfunction caused by a mutant thyroid hormone receptor α1 can be ameliorated by T3 treatmentPreprint
Venero, C., Guadaño‐Ferraz, A., Herrero, A. I., Nordström, K., Manzano, J., de Escobar, G. M., Bernal, J., & Vennström, B. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.346105 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Clinical Phenotype and Mutant TRα1
van Mullem, A. A., van Heerebeek, R., Chrysis, D., Visser, W. E., Medici, M., Andrikoula, M., Tsatsoulis, A. A., Peeters, R. P., & Visser, T. J. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1113940 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
A genome‐wide association study identifies an osteoarthritis susceptibility locus on chromosome 7q22
Kerkhof, H. J. M., Lories, R. J. U., Meulenbelt, I., Jónsdóttir, I., Valdes, A. M., Arp, P., Ingvarsson, Þ., Jhamai, M. M., Jónsson, H., Stolk, L., et al. (2010) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.27184 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Thyroxine is the serum factor that regulates morphogenesis of columnar cartilage from isolated chondrocytes in chemically defined medium.
Ballock, R. T., & Reddi, A. H. (1994) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.126.5.1311 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Long-term thyroxine treatment and bone mineral density.
Franklyn, J., Betteridge, J., Daykin, J., Oates, G., Parle, J., Heath, D., Sheppard, M., Holder, R., & Lilley, J. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92423-d · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Transport by the Human Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 and Its Rate-Limiting Role in Intracellular Metabolism
Friesema, E. C. H., Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Jansen, J., Visser, T. J., & Kester, M. H. A. (2006) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2005-0256 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia in mice carrying a dominant negative mutation in a matrix protein specific for cartilage-to-bone transition
Jacenko, O., Luvalle, P. A., & Olsen, B. R. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/365056a0 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Insight into the physiological actions of thyroid hormone receptors from genetically modified mice
OShea, P., & Williams, G. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1750553 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citation
Defining thyrotropin-dependent and -independent steps of thyroid hormone synthesis by using thyrotropin receptor-null mice
Marians, R. C., Ng, L., Blair, H. C., Unger, P. D., Graves, P. N., & Davies, T. F. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.242322099 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Recessive inheritance of thyroid hormone resistance caused by complete deletion of the protein-coding region of the thyroid hormone receptor- beta gene
Takeda, K., Sakurai, A., DeGroot, L. J., & Refetoff, S. (1992) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.74.1.1727829 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Divergent roles for thyroid hormone receptor β isoforms in the endocrine axis and auditory system
Abel, E. D., Boers, M.-E., Pazos-Moura, C. C., de Moura, E. G., Kaulbach, H. C., Zakaria, M., Lowell, B. B., Radovick, S., Liberman, M. C., & Wondisford, F. E. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6397 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Type 2 Deiodinase A/G (Thr92Ala) Polymorphism Is Associated with Decreased Enzyme Velocity and Increased Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Canani, L. H. S., Capp, C., Dora, J. M., Meyer, E. L. D. S., Wagner, M. S., Harney, J. W., Larsen, P. R., Gross, J. L., Bianco, A. C., & Maia, A. L. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1977 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The TSH receptor reveals itself
Davies, T. F., Marians, R. C., & Latif, R. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci16234 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Identification of DIO2 as a new susceptibility locus for symptomatic osteoarthritis
Meulenbelt, I., Min, J. L., Bos, S. D., Riyazi, N., Houwing‐Duistermaat, J. J., van der Wijk, H.-J., Kroon, H. M. J. A., Nakajima, M., Ikegawa, S., Uitterlinden, A. G., et al. (2008) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn082 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Identification of a point mutation in the thyrotropin receptor of the hyt/hyt hypothyroid mouse
Stein, S. A., Oates, E. L., Hall, C., Grumbles, R. M., Fernandez, L. M., Taylor, N., Puett, D., & Jin, S. (1994) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.8.2.8170469 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
A History of Endocrinology
Medvei, V. C. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7304-6 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
A targeted dominant negative mutation of the thyroid hormone α1 receptor causes increased mortality, infertility, and dwarfism in mice
Kaneshige, M., Suzuki, H., Kaneshige, K., Cheng, J., Wimbrow, H. H., Barlow, C., Willingham, M. C., & Cheng, S.-Y. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.261565798 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Critical role for thyroid hormone receptor β2 in the regulation of paraventricular thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons
Abel, E. D., Ahima, R. S., Boers, M.-E., Elmquist, J. K., & Wondisford, F. E. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10858 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Osteocytes inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption through transforming growth factor‐β: Enhancement by estrogen*
Heino, T. J., Hentunen, T. A., & Väänänen, H. K. (2002) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.10109 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Acts Directly on Growth Plate Chondrocytes to Promote Hypertrophic Differentiation and Inhibit Clonal Expansion and Cell Proliferation1
Robson, H., Siebler, T., Stevens, D. A., Shalet, S. M., & Williams, G. R. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.10.7733 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Thyroid Epidemiology, Audit, and Research Study (TEARS): Morbidity in Patients with Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Vadiveloo, T., Donnan, P. T., Cochrane, L., & Leese, G. P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2693 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Differences in hypothalamic type 2 deiodinase ubiquitination explain localized sensitivity to thyroxine
Werneck de Castro, J. P., Fonseca, T. L., Ueta, C. B., McAninch, E. A., Abdalla, S., Wittmann, G., Lechan, R. M., Gereben, B., & Bianco, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci77588 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Congenital Hypothyroid Pax8−/− Mutant Mice Can Be Rescued by Inactivating the TRα Gene
Flamant, F., Poguet, A.-L., Plateroti, M., Chassande, O., Gauthier, K., Streichenberger, N., Mansouri, A., & Samarut, J. (2002) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.16.1.0766 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
A base mutation of the C-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor in a kindred with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Molecular heterogeneity in two other kindreds.
Usala, S. J., Tennyson, G. E., Bale, A. E., Lash, R. W., Gesundheit, N., Wondisford, F. E., Accili, D., Hauser, P., & Weintraub, B. D. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114438 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Retardation of post‐natal development caused by a negatively acting thyroid hormone receptor α1
Tinnikov, A. A., Nordström, K., Thorén, P., Kindblom, J. M., Malin, S., Rozell, B., Adams, M., Rajanayagam, O., Pettersson, S., Ohlsson, C., et al. (2002) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf523 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Mutations of the Human Thyrotropin Receptor Gene Causing Thyroid Hypoplasia and Persistent Congenital Hypothyroidism1
Biebermann, H., Schöneberg, T., Krude, H., Schultz, G., Gudermann, T., & Grüters, A. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.10.4286 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Life without Thyroxine to 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine Conversion: Studies in Mice Devoid of the 5′-Deiodinases
Galton, V. A., Schneider, M. J., Clark, A. S., & St. Germain, D. L. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-1572 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Thyroid Function within the Upper Normal Range Is Associated with Reduced Bone Mineral Density and an Increased Risk of Nonvertebral Fractures in Healthy Euthyroid Postmenopausal Women
Murphy, E., Glüer, C. C., Reid, D. M., Felsenberg, D., Roux, C., Eastell, R., & Williams, G. R. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2630 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citation
Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes
(2014) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199644438.001.0001 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Acting via a Cell Surface Receptor, Thyroid Hormone Is a Growth Factor for Glioma Cells
Davis, F. B., Tang, H., Shih, A., et al. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4365 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Identification of Transcripts Initiated from an Internal Promoter in the c-erbAα Locus That Encode Inhibitors of Retinoic Acid Receptor-α and Triiodothyronine Receptor Activities
Chassande, O., Fraichard, A., Gauthier, K. C., Flamant, F., Legrand, C., Savatier, P., Laudet, V., & Samarut, J. (1997) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.11.9.9972 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis and Action in the Type 2 Deiodinase-Deficient Rodent Brain during Development
Galton, V. A., Wood, E. T., Germain, E. A. S., Withrow, C.-A., Aldrich, G., Germain, G. M. S., Clark, A. S., & Germain, D. L. S. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-1727 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Differentiation of Human Orbital Preadipocyte Fibroblasts Induces Expression of Functional Thyrotropin Receptor1
Valyasevi, R. W., Erickson, D. Z., Harteneck, D. A., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.7.5838 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Trabecular bone remodeling and bone balance in hyperthyroidism
Eriksen, E. F., Mosekilde, L., & Melsen, F. (1985) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(85)90218-2 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Type 3 Deiodinase, a Thyroid-Hormone-Inactivating Enzyme, Controls Survival and Maturation of Cone Photoreceptors
Ng, L., Lyubarsky, A., Nikonov, S. S., Ma, M., Srinivas, M., Kefas, B. A., Germain, D. L. S., Hernández, A., Pugh, E. N., & Forrest, D. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5267-09.2010 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Excess Rather Than Thyrotropin Deficiency Induces Osteoporosis in Hyperthyroidism
Bassett, J. H. D., O’Shea, P. J., Sriskantharajah, S., Rabier, B., Boyde, A., Howell, P. G. T., Weiss, R. E., Roux, J.-P., Malaval, L., Clement-Lacroix, P., et al. (2007) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2007-0033 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citation
The TSH receptor reveals itself
Davies, T. F., Marians, R. C., & Latif, R. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0216234 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
A Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Gene Mutation (P398H) Is Associated with Visceral Adiposity and Impaired Catecholamine-stimulated Lipolysis in Mice
Liu, Y., Schultz, J. J., & Brent, G. A. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m306120200 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
G protein-coupled receptors: mutations and endocrine diseases
Vassart, G., & Costagliola, S. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.20 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Induction of proliferation or hypertrophy of chondrocytes in serum-free culture: the role of insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin, or thyroxine.
Böhme, K., Conscience-Egli, M., Tschan, T., et al. (1992) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.116.4.1035 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
A Protective Role for Type 3 Deiodinase, a Thyroid Hormone-Inactivating Enzyme, in Cochlear Development and Auditory Function
Ng, L., Hernández, A., He, W., Ren, T., Srinivas, M., Ma, M., Galton, V. A., Germain, D. L. S., & Forrest, D. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-1419 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Thyrotropin Suppression Increases the Risk of Osteoporosis Without Decreasing Recurrence in ATA Low- and Intermediate-Risk Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Wang, L. Y., Smith, A. W., Palmer, F. L., Tuttle, R. M., Mahrous, A., Nixon, I. J., Patel, S. G., Ganly, I., Fagin, J. A., & Boucai, L. (2015) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0287 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Increased sensitivity to thyroid hormone in mice with complete deficiency of thyroid hormone receptor α
Macchia, P. E., Takeuchi, Y., Kawai, T., Cua, K., Gauthier, K. C., Chassande, O., Seo, H., Hayashi, Y., Samarut, J., Murata, Y., et al. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.1.349 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The thyroid and the skeleton
Murphy, E., & Williams, G. R. (2004) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02053.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citation
A neomutation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in a severe neonatal hyperthyroidism
de Roux, N., Polak, M., Couët, J., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.81.6.2023 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The expression of thyroid hormone receptors in human bone.
Abu, E. O., Bord, S., Horner, A., Chatterjee, V., & Compston, J. (1996) · Bone · doi:10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00097-5 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormones Regulate Hypertrophic Chondrocyte Differentiation and Expression of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide and Its Receptor During Endochondral Bone Formation
Stevens, D. A., Hasserjian, R. P., Robson, H., Siebler, T., Shalet, S. M., & Williams, G. R. (2000) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.12.2431 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association of a Modified Frailty Index With Mortality After Femoral Neck Fracture in Patients Aged 60 Years and Older
Patel, K. V., Brennan, K. L., Brennan, M. L., Jupiter, D. C., Shar, A., & Davis, M. L. (2014) · Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3334-7 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Inherited Primary Hypothyroidism in Mice
Beamer, W. G., Eicher, E. M., Maltais, L. J., & Southard, J. L. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7209519 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Coordination of hypothalamic and pituitary T3 production regulates TSH expression
Fonseca, T. L., Correa-Medina, M., Campos, M. P. O., Wittmann, G., Werneck-de-Castro, J. P., Arrojo e Drigo, R., Mora-Garzon, M., Ueta, C. B., Caicedo, A., Fekete, C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci61231 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Levothyroxine dose and risk of fractures in older adults: nested case-control study
Turner, M. R., Camacho, X., Fischer, H. D., Austin, P. C., Anderson, G. M., Rochon, P. A., & Lipscombe, L. L. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d2238 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Measurement of Bone Collagen Degradation in Hyperthyroidism and During Thyroxine Replacement Therapy Using Pyridinium Cross-Links as Specific Urinary Markers*
Harvey, R., McHardy, K. C., REID, I. W., Paterson, F., Bewsher, P. D., Duncan, A., & Robins, S. P. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-72-6-1189 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Markers of bone turnover in hyperthyroidism and the effects of treatment
Garnero, P., Vassy, V., Bertholin, A., Riou, J. P., & Delmas, P. D. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.78.4.8157727 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The nuclear corepressor, NCoR, regulates thyroid hormone action in vivo
Astapova, I. I., Lee, L. J., Morales, C., Tauber, S., Bilban, M., & Hollenberg, A. N. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0804604105 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase expression in the cochlea before the onset of hearing
Campos‐Barros, Á., Amma, L. L., Faris, J. S., Shailam, R., Kelley, M. W., & Forrest, D. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1287 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Nuclear thyroid hormone receptors in cultured bone cells.
Rizzoli, R., Poser, J., & Bürgi, U. (1986) · Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(86)90098-3 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling by a mutant thyroid hormone β receptor
Furuya, F., Hanover, J. A., & Cheng, S.-Y. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0510849103 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Influence of Hyper- and Hypothyroidism, and the Effects of Treatment with Antithyroid Drugs and Levothyroxine on Fracture Risk
Vestergaard, P., Rejnmark, L., & Mosekilde, L. (2005) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-005-0068-x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Optimal bone strength and mineralization requires the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in osteoblasts
Bassett, J. H. D., BOYDE, A., Howell, P., BASSETT, R., Galliford, T. M., Archanco, M., Evans, H., Lawson, M. A., Croucher, P. I., Germain, D. L. S., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0911346107 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multistage genome-wide association meta-analyses identified two new loci for bone mineral density
Zhang, L., Choi, H. J., Estrada, K., Leo, P. J., Li, J., Pei, Y., Zhang, Y., Lin, Y., Shen, H., Liu, Y.-Z., et al. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt575 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Apparent Congenital Athyreosis Contrasting with Normal Plasma Thyroglobulin Levels and Associated with Inactivating Mutations in the Thyrotropin Receptor Gene: Are Athyreosis and Ectopic Thyroid Distinct Entities?1
Gagné, N., Parma, J., Deal, C., Vassart, G., & Vliet, G. V. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.5.4771 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Pubertal Timing, Bone Acquisition, and Risk of Fracture Throughout Life
Bonjour, J., & Chevalley, T. (2014) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2014-1007 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
An Adult Female With Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Mediated by Defective Thyroid Hormone Receptor α
Moran, C., Schoenmakers, N. A., Agostini, M., Schoenmakers, E., Offiah, A. C., Kydd, A. C., Kahaly, G., Mohr-Kahaly, S., Rajanayagam, O., Lyons, G., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2215 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Restores Bone Volume, Microarchitecture, and Strength in Aged Ovariectomized Rats*
Sampath, T. K., Šimić, P., Sendak, R. A., Drača, N., Bowe, A. E., O'Brien, S., Schiavi, S. C., McPherson, J. M., & Vukičević, S. (2007) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.070302 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Morphometric and Dynamic Studies of Bone Changes in Hypothyroidism
Mosekilde, L., & Melsen, F. (1978) · Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica. Section A, Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1978.tb02012.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Human Genome and Diseases: Review¶The TSH receptor and its role in thyroid disease
Kopp, P. A. (2001) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/pl00000941 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Impact of Oatp1c1 deficiency on thyroid hormone metabolism and action in the mouse brain
Mayerl, S., Visser, T. J., Darras, V. M., Horn, S., & Heuer, H. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-1633 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Critical role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in bone
Bassett, J. H. D., & Williams, G. R. (2008) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.007 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nongenomic Thyroid Hormone Signaling Occurs Through a Plasma Membrane–Localized Receptor
Kalyanaraman, H., Schwappacher, R., Joshua, J., Zhuang, S., Scott, B. T., Klos, M., Casteel, D. E., Frangos, J. A., DILLMANN, W. H., Boss, G. R., et al. (2014) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2004911 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Thyroid Hormone Receptor α1 Protein Is Expressed in Embryonic Postmitotic Neurons and Persists in Most Adult Neurons
Wallis, K., Dudazy-Gralla, S., van Hogerlinden, M., Nordström, K., Mittag, J., & Vennström, B. (2010) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2010-0175 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The Effects of Thyrotropin-Suppressive Therapy on Bone Metabolism in Patients with Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Heemstra, K. A., Hamdy, N. A. T., Romijn, J. A., & Smit, J. W. A. (2006) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.583 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and Incident Hip Fracture in Older Adults
Lee, J. S., Bůžková, P., Fink, H. A., Vu, J., Carbone, L., Chen, Z., Cauley, J., Bauer, D. C., Cappola, A. R., & Robbins, J. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.424 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effects of serum TSH and FT4 levels and the TSHR‐Asp727Glu polymorphism on bone: the Rotterdam Study
van der Deure, W. M., Uitterlinden, A. G., Albert Hofman, D., Rivadeneira, F., Pols, H. A. P., Peeters, R. P., & Visser, T. J. (2007) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03016.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Von Recklinghausen, 1891, Die Fibrose oder deformierende Ostitis, die Osteomalacie und die osteoplastische Carcinose in ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen

Sorted by citations

Paradigms of dynamic control of thyroid hormone signaling
Bianco, A. C., Dumitrescu, A., Gereben, B., Ribeiro, M. O., Fonseca, T. L., Fernandes, G. W., & Bocco, B. M. L. C. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00275 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Thyroid diseases and bone health
Williams, G. R., & Bassett, J. H. D. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-017-0753-4 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pituitary Diseases and Bone
Mazziotti, G., Frara, S., & Giustina, A. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00005 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Suppression Therapy
Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S. (2019) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2018.10.008 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Effect of TSH Suppression Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ku, E. J., Yoo, W. S., Lee, E. K., Ahn, H. Y., Woo, S. H., Hong, J. H., Chung, H. K., & Park, J.-W. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab539 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Risk of Osteoporosis and Fractures in Patients with Thyroid Cancer: A Case-Control Study in U.S. Veterans
Papaleontiou, M., Banerjee, M., Reyes-Gastelum, D., Hawley, S. T., & Haymart, M. R. (2019) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0234 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dose–response relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone and hypertension risk in euthyroid individuals
He, W., Li, S., Wang, B., Mu, K., Shao, X., Yao, Q., Li, L., Li, Q., & Zhang, J.-A. (2019) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001826 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Evaluation and management of bone health in patients with thyroid diseases: A position statement of the Korean thyroid association
Hong, A. R., & Kang, H.-C. (2023) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2023.1701 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of levothyroxine therapy on bone and mineral metabolism in hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, X., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Liu, S., & Tian, L. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01819-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Growth Outcomes and Final Height in Children with Acquired Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review
Cammisa, I., Rigante, D., & Cipolla, C. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11121510 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hyperthyroidism-driven bone loss depends on BMP receptor Bmpr1a expression in osteoblasts
Lademann, F., Rijntjes, E., Köhrle, J., Tsourdi, E., Hofbauer, L. C., & Rauner, M. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06227-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Authors: Bassett, J. H. D., & Williams, G. R.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Williams, Graham R.
ORCID: Bassett, J. H. Duncan
Williams, Graham R.
Venue: Endocrine Reviews
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2016-04-01
Volume: 37
Issue: 2
Pages: 135-187
ISSN: 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
1945-7189
DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1106
PMC: PMC4823381
OpenAlex: W2263803297
Semantic Scholar: 8e295b6668dc3d6250a7abf86a97f57f89b8351d
Cited by: 540
References: 565
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 36.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (18292, GR076584, 19744)
Versus Arthritis (18292, 19744)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Keywords: thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine, skeletal development, bone turnover, bone preservation, linear growth, secondary osteoporosis, thyrotoxicosis, osteoarthritis, genetically modified mice, thyroid hormone signaling, bone catabolism, bone formation, degenerative bone disease
MeSH terms: Adult, Animals, Bone and Bones, Bone Development, Humans, Mice, Transgenic, Thyroid Hormones, Bone Remodeling, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Role of Thyroid Hormones in Skeletal Development and Bone Maintenance

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks