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Cited by 292Hormonal and reproductive studiesDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men

Rao, Preethi M., Kelly, Daniel M., Jones, T. Hugh·2013·Nature Reviews Endocrinology
DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2013.122
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Abstract

Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Studies have demonstrated an association between low levels of testosterone and the above insulin-resistant states, with a prevalence of hypogonadism of up to 50% in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Low levels of testosterone are also associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Hypogonadism and obesity share a bidirectional relationship as a result of the complex interplay between adipocytokines, proinflammatory cytokines and hypothalamic hormones that control the pituitary-testicular axis. Interventional studies have shown beneficial effects of testosterone on components of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance and high levels of cholesterol. Biochemical evidence indicates that testosterone is involved in promoting glucose utilization by stimulating glucose uptake, glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Testosterone is also involved in lipid homeostasis in major insulin-responsive target tissues, such as liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nrendo.2013.122

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  • The incidence of metabolic diseases and their co-morbidities is sexually dimorphic and varies depending on gonadal status; e.g., increases after menopause.

    “Overall, the incidence of metabolic diseases and their co-morbidities is sexually dimorphic and varies depending on gonadal status; e.g., increases after menopause [18].”

    From Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index (2016) · cites this paper as [18]

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Related

Authors
Rao, P. M., Kelly, D. M., & Jones, T. H.
Affiliations
University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author
Jones, T. Hugh
ORCID
Kelly, Daniel M.
Venue
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-06-25
Volume
9
Issue
8
Pages
479-493
ISSN
  • 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
  • 1759-5037
DOI
10.1038/nrendo.2013.122
OpenAlex
W2038996666
Cited by
292
References
166
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 5
FWCI
2.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords
testosterone, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypogonadism, testosterone replacement therapy, cardiovascular risk factors, obesity, body composition, inflammation, adipokines, inflammatory cytokines, pituitary-testicular axis, lipid homeostasis, glucose metabolism, cardiovascular mortality
MeSH terms
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Sex Factors, Testosterone, Metabolic Syndrome

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