A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Interventions to Decrease Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization
Open accessAbstract
Evidence suggests that cyberbullying among school-age children is related to problem behaviors and other adverse school performance constructs. As a result, numerous school-based programs have been developed and implemented to decrease cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Given the extensive literature and variation in program effectiveness, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of programs to decrease cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Our review included published and unpublished literature, utilized modern, transparent, and reproducible methods, and examined confirmatory and exploratory moderating factors. A total of 50 studies and 320 effect sizes spanning 45,371 participants met the review protocol criteria. Results indicated that programs significantly reduced cyberbullying perpetration (g = -0.18, SE = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.09]) and victimization (g = -0.13, SE = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.21, -0.05]). Moderator analyses, however, yielded only a few statistically significant findings. We interpret these findings and provide implications for future cyberbullying prevention policy and practice.
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The effectiveness of anti-cyberbullying programmes remains uncertain, as previous reviews report mixed results.
“However, the effectiveness of these anti-cyberbullying programmes remains uncertain, as indicated by previous reviews that report mixed results26,92.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
The Discussion reports mixed findings from previous reviews: two found significant reductions in cyberbullying, while Mishna and colleagues found only increased internet-safety knowledge. But this review concludes that programmes significantly reduced perpetration and victimization and expresses relative confidence in effective interventions, so it does not support the claim that effectiveness remains uncertain. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParticipation in cyberbullying intervention programmes has a small but significant effect in reducing victimization.
“Participation in cyberbullying intervention programmes has been consistently shown across 11 meta-analyses to have a small but significant effect in reducing victimization25,26,89–91,102,105,122,125,128.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
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- Authors
- Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., Grotpeter, J. K., Ingram, K., Michaelson, L., Spinney, E., Valido, A., Sheikh, A. E., Torgal, C., & Robinson, L.
- Affiliations
- American Institutes for Research (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Development Services Group (United States) (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Polanin, Joshua R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Prevention Science
- Published
- 2021-06-22
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 439-454
- ISSN
- 1389-4986 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6695
- PMC
- PMC8218972
- OpenAlex
- W3175530597
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 3.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Prevention Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Justice (2017-CK-BX-0009)
- American Institutes for Research (MOSAIC)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, cyberbullying perpetration, cyber victimization, school-based prevention, bullying prevention, elementary school students, program effectiveness, moderators
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Cyberbullying, Child, Humans, Schools, Crime Victims, Bullying
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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