CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 791Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionWorkplace Violence and BullyingDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a Fourteen–Country international comparison.

Smith, Peter K, Cowie, Helen, Olafsson, Ragnar F, Liefooghe, Andy P D, Almeida, Ana, Araki, Hozumi, del Barrio, Cristina, Costabile, Angela, Dekleva, Bojan, Houndoumadi, Anastasia, Kim, Kenneth, Olafsson, Ragnar P, Ortega, Rosario, Pain, Jacques, Pateraki, Lena, Schafer, Mechthild, Singer, Monika, Smorti, Andrea, Toda, Yuichi, Tomasson, Helgi, Wenxin, Zhang·2002·Child Development
DOI 10.1111/1467-8624.00461
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The study of school bullying has recently assumed an international dimension, but is faced with difficulties in finding terms in different languages to correspond to the English word bullying. To investigate the meanings given to various terms, a set of 25 stick-figure cartoons was devised, covering a range of social situations between peers. These cartoons were shown to samples of 8- and 14-year-old pupils (N = 1,245; n = 604 at 8 years, n = 641 at 14 years) in schools in 14 different countries, who judged whether various native terms cognate to bullying, applied to them. Terms from 10 Indo-European languages and three Asian languages were sampled. Multidimensional scaling showed that 8-year-olds primarily discriminated nonaggressive and aggressive cartoon situations; however, 14-year-olds discriminated fighting from physical bullying, and also discriminated verbal bullying and social exclusion. Gender differences were less appreciable than age differences. Based on the 14-year-old data, profiles of 67 words were then constructed across the five major cartoon clusters. The main types of terms used fell into six groups: bullying (of all kinds), verbal plus physical bullying, solely verbal bullying, social exclusion, solely physical aggression, and mainly physical aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental trends in how children understand bullying, the inferences that can be made from cross-national studies, and the design of such studies.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/1467-8624.00461

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R. F., Liefooghe, A. P. D., Almeida, A., Araki, H., del Barrio, C., Costabile, A., Dekleva, B., Houndoumadi, A., Kim, K., Olafsson, R. P., Ortega, R., Pain, J., Pateraki, L., Schafer, M., Singer, M., Smorti, A., Toda, Y., Tomasson, H., & Wenxin, Z.
Affiliations
  • Goldsmiths University of London (GB)
  • University of Surrey Roehampton , London ,
  • Institute for Educational Research , Reykjavik ,
  • Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
  • University of Minho (PT)
  • Ritsumeikan University (JP)
  • Universidad Autonoma de Madrid , Madrid ,
  • University of Calabria (IT)
  • University of Ljubljana (SI)
  • Deree College , Athens ,
  • University of East Anglia (GB)
  • Universidad de Sevilla (ES)
  • Université Paris Nanterre (FR)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
  • University of London (GB)
  • University of Florence (IT)
  • The University of Osaka (JP)
  • University of Iceland (IS)
  • Shandong Teacher’s University , Jinan ,
ORCID
Venue
Child Development
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2002-07-01
Volume
73
Issue
4
Pages
1119-1133
ISSN
  • 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-8624
DOI
10.1111/1467-8624.00461
OpenAlex
W2156326715
Cited by
791
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 57
FWCI
20.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Child Development (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
  • BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
  • Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
Funders
European Commission
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords
school bullying, definition of bullying, cross-national comparison, age differences, gender differences, verbal bullying, physical bullying, social exclusion, physical aggression, Indo-European languages, Asian languages
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Age Factors, Aggression, Child, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Dominance-Subordination, Female, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Sex Factors, Social Perception

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review