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Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders
Open accessAbstract
Background: This review integrates neuroimaging studies of 2 domains of social cognition — emotion comprehension and theory of mind (ToM) — in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. The influence of key clinical and method variables on patterns of neural activation during social cognitive processing is also examined. Methods: Studies were identified using PsycINFO and PubMed (January 1967 to May 2011). The search terms were “fMRI,” “emotion comprehension,” “emotion perception,” “affect comprehension,” “affect perception,” “facial expression,” “prosody,” “theory of mind,” “mentalizing” and “empathy” in combination with “major depressive disorder,” “bipolar disorder,” “major depression,” “unipolar depression,” “clinical depression” and “mania.” Results: Taken together, neuroimaging studies of social cognition in patients with mood disorders reveal enhanced activation in limbic and emotion-related structures and attenuated activity within frontal regions associated with emotion regulation and higher cognitive functions. These results reveal an overall lack of inhibition by higher-order cognitive structures on limbic and emotion-related structures during social cognitive processing in patients with mood disorders. Critically, key variables, including illness burden, symptom severity, comorbidity, medication status and cognitive load may moderate this pattern of neural activation. Limitations: Studies that did not include control tasks or a comparator group were included in this review. Conclusion: Further work is needed to examine the contribution of key moderator variables and to further elucidate the neural networks underlying altered social cognition in patients with mood disorders. The neural networks underlying higher-order social cognitive processes, including empathy, remain unexplored in patients with mood disorders.
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“A total of 65 studies met the appropriate criteria and were included in this review.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Results
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“Other domains of social cognition, including empathy and moral reasoning, remain unexplored in these patients.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
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In the paper
“Other studies have reported evidence of a negative bias during facial expression recognition and detection tasks, 138,140,149-156 including a tendency to identify neutral faces as sad in patients with moderate to severe depressive symptoms compared with healthy controls.[157][158][159]”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of facial emotion processing
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In the paper
“By contrast, reduced amygdala activation in response to positive stimuli has been demonstrated across a small number of studies.71,99”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“For example, level of depression severity has been shown to correlate negatively with the extent of activation in the fusiform gyrus, 43,47 anterior cingulate cortex 48 and amygdala 71,74 in response to happy and negative faces.62”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Further analysis of data arising from the study by Keedwell and colleagues 61 showed that increased activity in the right visual cortex and subgenual cingulate to sad but not happy facial expressions in the first few weeks of treatment were predictive of a greater clinical recovery.65”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] source
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- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that an equal number of studies failed to find a significant association between level of depression and neural activity in response to facial emotions.41,49,59,67,69,72”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Evidence from fMRI studies suggests that patients with acute MDD differ from healthy controls in the pattern of neural responding arising from exposure to a variety of emotional facial expressions (see Phillips and colleagues 162 ).”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phillips and colleagues 162
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- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“A recent report by Lee and colleagues 54 also demonstrated reduced activation in the DLPFC in response to the passive presentation of negative facial stimuli among patients with MDD.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
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- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“This bias is accompanied by selective attention to negatively valenced faces depicting sadness 134,147,155,160 and anger.161”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of facial emotion processing
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Actively depressed patients also show increased neural responses to positive and negative facial expressions in the subgenual portion of the anterior cingulate cortex, a region involved in the physiologic response of emotional processing.45,46,52,63”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“Enhanced recognition of sad facial expressions has also been consistently reported in acutely depressed patients.73,[143][144][145][146][147][148]”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of facial emotion processing
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Finally, disruptions in functional coupling between the amygdala and subgenual cingulate, a region also implicated in assessing the salience of emotion and regulating of emotions, have been reported during facial processing tasks.50,55”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Specifically, during negative facial processing tests (implicit and explicit) consisting of angry and sad facial expressions, the dorsal anterior cingulate and the precuneus, a region implicated in self-related mental representations, show reduced connectivity with the OFC in unmedicated patients with depression.64”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few studies have examined the relation between burden of illness variables and neural activity during a facial emotion task.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Illness burden
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, consistent with prior findings demonstrating subgenual cingulate activity as a marker of treatment response (for example, see Mayberg and colleagues 172 and Nobler and colleagues 173 ), reductions in subgenual cingulate activity were associated with reductions in depression scores.61”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Similarly, Dannlowski and colleagues 49 were unable to detect an association between course of illness variables (duration of illness, number of episodes, total hospital admission time, time since first inpatient treatment and time since first outpatient treatment) and amygdala activity in response to masked displays of angry, sad and happy facial expressions.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Illness burden
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Finally, functional connectivity between the OFC and DLPFC was increased in patients compared with controls during negative facial processing;”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“Specifically, increased activation in the amygdala, ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortices, regions key to the representation of emotion and to the processing of reward, has been reported in response to masked 41,49,71,73 and unmasked 44,47,51,55,62,70 displays of negatively valenced faces (e.g., expressions of fear, sadness, disgust) in these patients.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Suslow and colleagues 71 reported that amgydala responsiveness to masked sad and happy faces was independent of illness burden variables, such as number of episodes or duration of illness.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Illness burden
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, few studies have examined the neural correlates of facial affective processing in euthymic patients with MDD.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, consistent with prior work showing a significant relation between anterior cingulate activity and clinical response to antidepressant medication (for example, see Fu and colleagues 51 ), elevated dorsal anterior cingulate activity associated with cognitive control has been shown to be associated with treatment response to CBT. 53,57”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“In contrast, enhanced responses to happy and sad stimuli in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were associated with a poor clinical outcome.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“Psychological interventions have also been found to alter patterns of neuronal response to affective stimuli among patients with MDD.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Functional neuroimaging studies of facial affect processing in patients with bipolar disorder have revealed mixed findings regarding neural activity in brain regions associated with cognitive and affective processing during facial emotion tasks.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Facial emotion processing in patients with bipolar disorder
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similar to the effects of antidepressant treatment on neural response to emotional facial expressions, administration of erythropoietin, a novel treatment for psychiatric disorders (for example, see Ehrenreich and colleagues 174 ) that exerts neuro trophic and neurorestorative effects, and reduced neural responses in the amygdala and hippocampus to fearful compared with happy faces.66”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Specifically, Fu and colleagues 53 found that hyperactivation in the amygdala and hippocampus in response to sad faces appeared to normalize following 16 weeks of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“The above studies demonstrate hypoactivity and reduced levels of connectivity in these regions in patients with MDD.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Section summary
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In the paper
“Similarly, Victor and colleagues 73 found that an exaggerated response in the amygdala to masked sad faces and reduced amygdala activity to masked happy faces were reversed following administration of a 4-week treatment regimen of sertraline.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“These findings, however, were not consistently observed in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Comorbidity
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In the paper
“the neural correlates of altered affective prosody recognition in patients with mood disorders remain relatively unexplored.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neuroimaging studies of affective prosody recognition in patients with bipolar disorder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On balance, patients with mood disorders experience substantial disruptions in interpersonal function, [30][31][32][33][34]”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results reveal an overall lack of inhibition by higher-order cognitive structures on limbic and emotion-related structures during social cognitive processing in patients with mood disorders.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
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In the paper
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder are associated with alterations in multiple domains, including inter personal and social functioning.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In healthy individuals, the neural basis of social cognition consists of a complex network of brain areas involved in cognitive and affective processes”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adolphs 16
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and deficits in social cognition may underlie these difficulties.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Lesion studies of patients with neurologic insult or injury and neuroimaging studies of healthy individuals have revealed a complex neural network involved in the processing of emotional faces.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of facial emotion processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phillips and colleagues 106
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies that did not include control tasks or a comparator group were included in this review.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: The included studies without control tasks or comparator groups still provide valid evidence for the review's conclusions.
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In the paper
“This is particularly pertinent to the study of bipolar disorder, given that patients with this illness experience depression more than hypomania or mania, 35,36”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“suboptimal treatment and poor outcome.39,40”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
- Not checked yetcites [40] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Antidepressant therapy may normalize patterns of neuronal responding to affective facial stimuli.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decreased connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate and OFC may contribute to dysfunction in the cognitive control of emotional processing (e.g., rewarding value of stimuli) mediated by orbitofrontal regions.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, numerous conflicting findings exist.47,62,163,164 They may stem from different emotional processing paradigms and from differences in the clinical status of patients in terms of medication use, illness burden, comorbidity and depression severity.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings are in line with theories of emotion regulation that posit that prefrontal regions, such as the DLPFC, inhibit activity in subcortical (e.g., amygdala) and cortical regions involved in emotional appraisal and emotion generation systems”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ochsner and Gross 109
- Not checked yetcites Phan and colleagues 110
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The precuneus has been strongly implicated in the mental representation of self and related processes, such as autobiographical recollection and first-person perspective taking; decreased connectivity with the OFC may contribute to the disturbances in self-related processes in patients with mood disorders.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The DLPFC has been shown to be activated by explicit emotional tasks relative to tasks that are more implicit in nature.171”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Increased activity in the subgenual cingulate cortex suggests that individuals with MDD show stronger autonomic emotional responses than controls.63”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“enhanced connectivity between the orbitofrontal region and this key cognitive region, respectively, may give rise to the negative processing bias inherent in the disorder.64”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that after mood symptoms remit, patients with MDD are able to recruit the DLPFC and dorsal anterior cingulate to suppress activity in the amygdala and related regions and the impact of emotional stimuli, especially negative stimuli.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Section summary
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings may be interpreted as deficits in the cognitive control of emotion during the processing of emotionally salient stimuli (faces).”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Section summary
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“heterogeneity within the participant sample in terms of mood state and symptom severity may partially account for these discrepant findings.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, this negative bias in emotion processing may reflect top-down dysfunction in brain areas, such as the DLPFC and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, implicated in the cognitive control of attention.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Section summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“patients with bipolar disorder in a variety of mood states showed reduced connectivity between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex in response to negatively valenced faces.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Preliminary evidence indicates that comorbid symptoms, and in particular the presence of an anxiety, eating or substance abuse disorder, may alter patterns of neuronal activation during recognition of emotional faces in patients with bipolar disorder”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Comorbidity
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In the paper
“Elevated activity and altered connectivity of the amgydala and ventromedial regions, such as the subgenual cingulate, may result in the negative processing bias inherent in the disorder.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Section summary
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies report that patients with bipolar disorder experience difficulty decoding facial emotions on facial affect labelling tasks during periods of mania.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Facial emotion processing in patients with bipolar disorder
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings suggest that individuals with MDD demonstrate altered neural responsiveness to both positively and negatively valenced facial stimuli, regardless of whether they are presented inside or outside of conscious awareness.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Section summary
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“administration of pharmacologic agents may alter the neural circuits underlying the perception and recognition of facial emotion in patients with bipolar disorder.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A greater illness burden was associated with reduced functional connectivity between the amygdala and OFC in response to sad faces in a mixed sample of patients in depressed and remitted mood states.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike in patients with MDD, however, there is little evidence that this pattern remits with the offset of depressive symptoms.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In depressed patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls, heightened activation in fronto-striatothalamic regions, including the superior frontal gyrus, ventral frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, cingulate, putamen and thalamus, in response to happy faces has been demonstrated.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [188] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The presence of comorbid disorders, including those on the anxiety spectrum, 176,177 may impact patterns of neural activation to affective facial stimuli among patients with MDD.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Comorbidity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These findings are also in accordance with the notion that antidepressants may work by remediating the negative bias in information processing found in patients with MDD.175”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This negative bias may also stem from deficits in brain areas, such as the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex function (including the subgenual cingulate), implicated in bottom-up emotion processes.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Section summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“impaired ToM ability may be associated with poor clinical and functional outcome in these patients.231”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Theory of mind in patients with mood disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [231] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar findings have been reported for patients with active and subsyndromal symptoms of bipolar disorder.164,237”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Theory of mind in patients with mood disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
In the paper
“early evidence of differences in connectivity patterns between the amygdala and OFC in response to displays of facial emotion in patients with bipolar depression may be a potential biomarker that is not present in those with unipolar depression.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Comorbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The lack of activation found in the right-sided prefrontal and temporal areas implicated in affective prosody recognition (see the section discussing neural correlates of affective processing recognition) suggests a reduced neural capacity to process this type of emotional stimuli.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neuroimaging studies of affective prosody recognition in patients with bipolar disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and tasks that involve reasoning about mental states by combining contextual information and prior knowledge about an individual or situation to understand behaviour 236”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Theory of mind in patients with mood disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [236] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small number of neuroimaging studies comparing individuals with unipolar versus bipolar depression while performing facial affective processing tasks suggest that different pathophysiologic mechanisms may distinguish these 2 types of depression.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Studies comparing patients with unipolar and bipolar depression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in contrast to patients with MDD, evidence suggests that in patients with bipolar disorder, alterations in regions implicated in emotion appraisal, generation and regulation may not normalize with remission of mood symptoms.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Comorbidity
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“euroimaging and behavioural studies of ToM implicate a core network of neural regions that serve diverse functions, and include cognitive (e.g., DLPFC 19,213,214 ), affective (e.g., mPFC, 215-219 anterior paracingulate cortex 220,221 ) and memory systems (e.g., posterior cingulate, temporal poles; 220 for a review, see McKinnon and colleagues 222 ).”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Theory of mind in patients with mood disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
- Not checked yetcites [213] source
- Not checked yetcites [214] source
- Not checked yetcites [215] source
- Not checked yetcites [216] source
- Not checked yetcites [217] source
- Not checked yetcites [218] source
- Not checked yetcites [219] source
- Not checked yetcites [220] source
- Not checked yetcites [221] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These dysfunctional patterns of neural activity and connectivity are observed in both manic and depressed patients with bipolar disorder”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Comorbidity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Theory of mind ability in patients with mood disorders remains an underexplored area of research 230”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Theory of mind in patients with mood disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A small number of studies conducted in actively depressed patients with MDD suggest that these patients show impairments on ToM tasks that involve decoding mental states from available information, such as facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures and reasoning 232-234”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Theory of mind in patients with mood disorders
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preliminary evidence indicates that individuals with mood disorders experience difficulty in the recognition of affective prosody.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of affective prosody recognition
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“this type of complexity may engage supplementary neural regions (primarily related to ToM) that may be hard to disentangle from neural regions that are predominantly affected in the identification of basic emotions.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Task complexity is another issue that may contribute to the inconsistency seen during facial emotion recognition.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Patients with bipolar depression have also shown enhanced activation in the amygdala in response to neutral and sad faces compared with controls, patients with remitted bipolar disorder and patients with MDD.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Studies comparing patients with unipolar and bipolar depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At present, fMRI studies may not be optimized to detect potential differences in patterns of neural activation between patients with MDD and those with bipolar disorder during social cognitive tasks.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These regions are strongly implicated in the mirror neuron system involved in decoding the actions and intentions of others.242”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [242] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“very preliminary evidence indicates that psychotropic medications and CBT may exert different effects on the neural networks involved in affective recognition.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients with a lower burden of illness (i.e., fewer disease episodes or shorter duration of illness) may be less likely to show alteration in the circuitry underlying social cognitive processing in the early stages of illness.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The core theory of mind network identified in healthy individuals applies to patients with mood disorders.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT appears to increase levels of neural activation in regions associated with emotion regulation and higher-order cognitive processing.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“euthymic patients with bipolar disorder showed hypoactivation in mirror neuron system regions, such as the right inferior frontal gyrus, right insula and right premotor cortex, during happy and angry emotional conditions.105”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescence, a period of time characterized by marked changes in social relationships with peers and family, 246,247 is also associated with increased vulnerability to depression and bipolar disorder.[248][249][250]”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These authors also found that, compared with controls, patients with bipolar disorder demonstrated a diminished pattern of activation in the supramarginal, angular and middle temporal gyri.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Patients performed more poorly than controls on this task.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“treatment with psychotropic medication appears to attenuate levels of activation in prefrontal and subcortical regions involved in affective processing”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Kim and colleagues 105 found that neither the number of medications nor medication dosage influenced neuronal activation during ToM performance.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Moreover, the patient sample showed a reduced neural response in the insula and bilateral inferior frontal gyri during viewing of these stimuli.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“they showed significantly delayed response times during the emotional conditions.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
plaincorrelationaln = 104- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alterations in social cognitive functioning in patients with mood disorders are likely related to alterations in patterns of neuronal activation observed during performance of these tasks.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
- Rests on an assumption: The core theory of mind network identified in healthy individuals applies to patients with mood disorders.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“small sample sizes in fMRI paradigms may have constrained the ability to detect performance differences among groups”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These regions have been shown previously to have strong functional connectivity with the temporoparietal junction and superior temporal sulcus, 241 regions thought to be crucial to ToM.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [241] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, these deficits appear to persist into the euthymic state in patients with MDD 238 and with bipolar disorder, 10,239,240 particularly for those ToM tasks that place high demands on cognitive processing resources (e.g., working memory, executive functioning; for an extended discussion of this issue, see McKinnon and colleagues 237 ).”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Theory of mind in patients with mood disorders
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
In the paper
“although the bipolar disorder group performed comparably to controls on the social cognitive task”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
plainn = 104- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our review of the primary body of literature in this area concerning facial emotion processing suggests that whereas this pattern is likely to return to levels of activation seen in healthy controls following symptom remission in patients with MDD”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these tasks may prove particularly challenging to patients with a more severe burden of illness and elevated level of symptom severity.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The core theory of mind network identified in healthy individuals applies to patients with mood disorders.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Functional neuroimaging studies of facial emotion processing in patients with MDD and those with bipolar disorder implicate altered interactions between subcortical, limbic and ventral prefrontal regions associated with emotion identification and production, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal regions associated with emotion regulation and higher cognitive functions”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social reasoning abilities, such as emotion comprehension, ToM, and empathy, undergo an extended development from early childhood to adolescence.7,244,245”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging studies conducted in children and adolescents with MDD also show heightened activation in the amygdala 56,60,74 and OFC 74 in response to emotional facial expressions (for conflicting findings, see Thomas and colleagues 42 ).”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [56] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results > Imaging, adolescents with MDD showed greater amygdala activation than healthy peers for the fearful-afraid versus fearful-passive contrast. The OFC analysis found only a nonsignificant trend for MDD versus controls on that contrast, and no difference for fearful-passive versus happy-passive; the latter contrast also showed amygdala hypoactivation in MDD. Thus, this paper does not support a general claim of heightened activation in both regions. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [60] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (fMRI Data; page unavailable) report greater amygdala activity in patients than controls while viewing facial expressions. The Methods describe the patient group as adolescents with anxiety or depressive disorders, or both, so the finding is not specific to adolescents with MDD. The study’s reported fMRI analyses focus on the amygdala; the citing sentence attaches multiple references to that finding and separately cites reference 74 for OFC activation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [74]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, neuroimaging studies of social cognition in patients with mood disorders reveal enhanced activation in limbic and emotion-related structures and attenuated activity within frontal regions associated with emotion regulation and higher cognitive functions.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The neural networks under lying higher-order social cognitive processes, including empathy, remain unexplored in patients with mood disorders.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the same study group found that amygdala-DLPFC connectivity was significantly associated with illness severity, indicating that patients with MDD with reduced connectivity between these regions had a more pervasive and severe course of illness.58”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Illness burden
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“A recent study by Victor and colleagues, 73 however, found that remitted patients with MDD showed exaggerated responses in the amygdala to masked sad faces and a lack of amygdalar response to masked happy faces compared with controls.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“For example, a recent study by Fu and colleagues 43 examined responding to positive stimuli in patients with MDD compared with matched controls and found reduced activation in subcortical (basal ganglia), limbic (hippocampus) and extrastriate regions among acutely ill patients with MDD; this pattern was attenuated following treatment with fluoxetine.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Preliminary findings by Norbury and colleagues 68 demonstrate elevated DLPFC activation in response to fearful faces in euthymic patients compared with controls.Levels of amygdala activation did not differ between patients and matched controls during the presentation of fearful faces.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
In the paper
“Similarly, Keedwell and colleagues 61 found that severely depressed patients showed increased visual cortex responses to sad faces and reduced neural response in these same regions to happy faces in the early stages of antidepressant treatment.Following continued antidepressant therapy and clinical improvement, these patterns were reversed.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
- Rests on an assumption: fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“to date, few studies have included separate groups with MDD and with bipolar disorder and have directly compared patterns of neural activation between these groups; most studies included relatively small samples of patients with MDD or bipolar disorder.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On average, neural activityis most commonly decreased in the DLPFC 30,59,68,76 and increased in the left amygdala, 55,74,76,79,98,99 the fusiform gyrus 82,93,98 and the inferior frontal gyrus 82,90,98 in patients with mood disorders.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] source
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
- Not checked yetcites [76] source
- Not checked yetcites [55] source
- Not checked yetcites [74]
- Not checked yetcites [79] source
- Not checked yetcites [98] source
- Not checked yetcites [99] source
- Not checked yetcites [82] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, studies examining the neural correlates of ToM processing in patients with mood disorders have been confined to investigations of patients with bipolar disorder; 2 prelim inary investigations have examined euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings concerning the impact of symptom severity among actively ill patients have been less consistent and, on average, have failed to reveal a relation between severity of active illness and patterns of neural activation”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of illness burden and age on neuronal activation during ToM performance in patients with mood disorders remains an underexplored area of research.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Illness burden, age
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“which may result in the misdiag nosis of bipolar depression as MDD, 37,38”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These models posit that prefrontal regions, such as the lateral prefrontal cortex, mPFC, OFC and dorsal anterior cingulate, modulate activity in subcortical (e.g., amygdala) and limbic regions.106,113”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of facial emotion processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Where possible, neuroimaging findings involving patients with mood disorders are contextualized based on several key variables, including illness burden (e.g., number of affective episodes), illness state (e.g., active v. remitted), medication status, age, cognitive load and comorbidity, thought to moderate cognitive performance in patients with mood disorders.29”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Critically, key variables, including illness burden, symptom severity, comorbidity, medication status and cognitive load may moderate this pattern of neural activation.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, theoretical models propose that the ability to recognize another's emotion is critical to ToM, 8 with empirical evidence supporting this view.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the dearth of papers investigating the domains of ToM in patients with mood disorders, we adopted a liberal approach to the inclusion of relevant articles in these domains.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies were likely not able to detect a relation between this illness variable and neuronal response because of their limited sample sizes and the inclusion of patients with varying levels of depression.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these studies point toward a processing bias involving enhanced attention to and recognition of negatively valenced faces during active states of depression that may be accompanied by a tendency to mislabel positively valenced faces as sad and to misjudge (i.e., amplify) the amount of negative emotion conveyed in faces.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of facial emotion processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
In the paper
“Given the ubiquitous nature of facial expressions, the ability to recognize facial expressions is crucial for intact interpersonal functioning.123”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of facial emotion processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“it is possible that this null finding stemmed from the inclusion of first-episode patients in the mood disorders group.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“whereas implicit processing of sad faces was associated with enhanced activation in the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, lateral temporal cortex and mPFC, explicit processing of sad faces was associated with attenuation of these same regions.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [188] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a contrasting pattern of reduced amygdala and subgenual cingulate activation in response to sad but not happy facial expressions has been reported in conjunction with a mood-congruent deficit in recognizing sad facial affect.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Depressed patients with bipolar disorder have also shown elevated activity in the amygdala 102 and attenuated responses in the OFC and DLPFC to neutral and negative (e.g., angry, fearful, sad) faces.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In euthymic patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls, studies have demonstrated increased hippocampal activity 82 along with enhanced amygdala activity 76 and diminished DLPFC activation when viewing fearful faces 76,82,86”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these results suggest that conventional antidepressants and novel treatments may dampen hyperactive responses to negative stimuli and enhance the salience of positive stimuli.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“studies examining patients with bipolar disorder in a depressed phase of illness reveal a mood congruent bias in emotion perception tasks, including difficulties labelling happy faces 97,102 and a tendency to misinterpret neutral facial stimuli as sad 144,183 and happy faces as angry.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Facial emotion processing in patients with bipolar disorder
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Foland and colleagues 84 also found reduced functional connectivity between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the amygdala during a facial emotional labelling task in line with reduced inhibitory frontal control over amygdala reactivity.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is plausible that the discrepant findings in subcortical activations in both actively ill and euthymic patients may stem from failure to account for comorbid disorders.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Severity of depressive or manic symptoms may influence neural response to affective facial stimuli in patients with bipolar disorder, although the evidence is inconsistent.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence of greater left amygdala-OFC connectivity in response to sad faces and reduced bilateral connectivity between these same regions in response to happy faces has also been reported in depressed but not euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a sample of patients with bipolar disorder with mixed illness states, amygdala activity in response to happy faces was greater in unmedicated patients but lower in medicated patients compared with controls.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“emotionspecific impairments in the identification of sadness, 77 disgust 181 and fear 181 as well as a more generalized deficit in facial emotion recognition have been reported in actively manic patients.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Facial emotion processing in patients with bipolar disorder
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings indicate that the negative bias toward sad faces improves and a positive bias toward happy faces emerges with antidepressant treatment.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Medication status
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent work has demonstrated significant associations between an earlier illness onset and both amygdala hyperactivity 86 and decreased activity within the DLPFC.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thomas and colleagues 42 found that during passive viewing of fearful versus neural faces, patients with MDD showed hypoactivation of the right amygdala, whereas hyperactivation of this region was observed in patients with heterogeneous anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder).”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Comorbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hyperactivity in the amygdala in response to negative facial stimuli has been demonstrated across numerous studies of patients with MDD, and a small number of studies indicate hypoactivity in this region in response to positive facial stimuli.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Section summary
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, neuroimaging evidence also implicates the posterior superior temporal sulcus, which is involved in biological motion perception, 223,224 including socially relevant directional cues such as the eye gaze of others, 225,226 and the adjacent temporoparietal junction, which is involved in the attribution of beliefs to others, 227 as critical for ToM ability.7,228,229”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Theory of mind in patients with mood disorders
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as neuroimaging studies are inherently under temporal constraint, a decreased number of trials may be used to shorten the scan duration, consequently decreasing the statistical power during between-and within-group comparisons.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although patients with mood disorders may perform comparably to controls on behavioural measures, the neural processing of that information is extensively altered”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During passive viewing paradigms, patients with bipolar disorder and those with MDD demonstrate hypoactivity in the DLPFC and OFC and hyperactivity in the amygdala and anterior cingulate (subgenual and pregenual), although evidence is less consistent for subcortical regions such as the amygdala and paralimbic regions.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recognition of emotional prosody is thought to draw on multiple processing resources mediated by a complex neural network found primarily in the right superior temporal region.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Neural correlates of affective prosody recognition
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these different paradigms tend to converge on a pattern of decreased activation in prefrontal cortical regions associated with emotion regulation and cognitive control (e.g., DLPFC) and increased activation in prefrontal, limbic and subcortical regions associated with affective processing.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overall, these data suggest that patients with bipolar depression may be biased toward negative mood-congruent facial expressions, whereas those with unipolar depression have an attentional bias away from positive expressions.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Studies comparing patients with unipolar and bipolar depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rela tively small sample sizes and variable emotion processing paradigms employed in these studies may also have contributed to discrepant findings observed in subcortical regions, such as the amygdala, across mood states.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Comorbidity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A nascent literature suggests that youth with MDD and with bipolar disorder show impaired performance on tests of facial emotion processing, a finding underscored by studies demonstrating early alterations in the neuronal circuitry under lying social cognitive processing in these samples.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these results point toward an overall lack of inhibition by higher-order cognitive structures on limbic and emotion-related structures during social cognitive processing in patients with mood disorders that is consistent across different social cognitive tasks, including recognition of emotion in faces and prosody, as well as ToM.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
- Rests on an assumption: The core theory of mind network identified in healthy individuals applies to patients with mood disorders.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“patients with bipolar disorder do not show this normalization of function despite recovery (for exceptions following treatment with a mood stabilizer, see Hassel and colleagues 86 and Robinson and colleagues 90”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“social cognitive tasks that place high demands on cognitive processing resources (e.g., executive functioning, working memory) may engage higherorder cognitive regions to a greater extent than those social cognitive tasks having lower-order processing demands”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the inclusion of heterogeneous samples of patients with comorbid diag noses, particularly anxiety disorders, may limit the interpretability of findings.”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The reviewed studies are sufficiently comparable in methods, tasks, and samples to be combined into a single pattern of neural activation.
“Taken together, neuroimaging studies of social cognition in patients with mood disorders reveal enhanced activation in limbic and emotion-related structures and attenuated activity within frontal regions associated with emotion regulation and higher cognitive functions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
fMRI activation in the brain regions examined is a valid index of social cognitive processing.
“Given that most studies using neuroimaging technology to examine the neural correlates of social cognitive processing in patients with mood disorders rely on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we focused our review on this paradigm.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The included studies without control tasks or comparator groups still provide valid evidence for the review's conclusions.
“Studies that did not include control tasks or a comparator group were included in this review.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The functional neuroimaging measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the neural activity underlying social cognitive processing.
“Alterations in social cognitive functioning in patients with mood disorders are likely related to alterations in patterns of neuronal activation observed during performance of these tasks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The theory of mind tasks used in the reviewed studies validly measure theory of mind ability.
“A small number of studies conducted in actively depressed patients with MDD suggest that these patients show impairments on ToM tasks that involve decoding mental states from available information, such as facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures and reasoning 232-234”
The paper relies on this without support.
The core theory of mind network identified in healthy individuals applies to patients with mood disorders.
“These regions have been shown previously to have strong functional connectivity with the temporoparietal junction and superior temporal sulcus, 241 regions thought to be crucial to ToM.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“There is well established evidence indicating structural and functional impairments in brain networks in depression that include abnormalities in regions that play a role in ToM such as ventromedial prefrontal and temporoparietal regions (Cusi et al., 2012).”
From Social functioning in major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Cusi et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Influence of facial emotion processing paradigms
“On average, neural activityis most commonly decreased in the DLPFC 30,59,68,76”
§ Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders > Mood state
“Preliminary findings by Norbury and colleagues 68 demonstrate elevated DLPFC activation in response to fearful faces in euthymic patients compared with controls.”
Citations
Cites
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230 · Cited by 7,433
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
The cognitive control of emotion
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Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Mayberg, H. S., Lozano, A. M., Voon, V., McNeely, H. E., Seminowicz, D., Hamani, C., Schwalb, J. M., & Kennedy, S. H. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.014 · Cited by 4,059
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Handbook of self-regulation: research, theory, and applications
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-3719 · Cited by 3,646
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- Carr MB, 2005, Adolescence, 40, 601
- Awad AG, 2007, J Clin Psychiatry, 9, 195
- Dannlowski U, 2007, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 32, 423
- Yang TT, 2010, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49, 42
- Ekman P, 1965, Affect, cognition, and personality, 390
- Koschack J, 2003, J Nerv Ment Dis, 191, 175
- Lebowitz BK, 2001, Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol, 14, 177
- Milne AM, 2011, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 36, 110004
- Drevets WC, 1992, Psychopharmacol Bull, 28, 261
- McClure-Tone EB, 2009, Clin Psychol (New York), 16, 98
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wu, G., Feder, A., Cohen, H., Kim, J. J., Calderon, S., Charney, D. S., & Mathé, A. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00010 · Cited by 887
Social functioning in major depressive disorder
Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., & Hasler, G. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002 · Cited by 663
Social brain, social dysfunction and social withdrawal
Porcelli, S., van der Wee, N. J. A., van der Werff, S. J., Aghajani, M., Glennon, J. C., van Heukelum, S., Mogavero, F., Lobo, A., Olivera, F. J. N., Lobo, E., et al. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.012 · Cited by 425
Cotter, J., Granger, K., Backx, R., Hobbs, M., Looi, C. Y., & Barnett, J. H. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.014 · Cited by 369
Empathy in adults with clinical or subclinical depressive symptoms
Schreiter, S., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & Rot, M. A. H. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.009 · Cited by 350
Metadata
- Authors
- Cusi, A. M., Nazarov, A., Holshausen, K., MacQueen, G. M., & McKinnon, M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 154-169
- ISSN
- 1180-4882 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2434
- PMC
- PMC3341408
- OpenAlex
- W2104541524
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 265
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- social cognition, mood disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, emotional understanding, theory of mind, mentalization, empathy, facial expressions, prosody, limbic system, frontal cortex, emotion regulation, moderators, disease burden, symptom severity, comorbidities, medication status, cognitive load
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Age Factors, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition, Major Depressive Disorder, Facial Expression, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychotherapy, Social Behavior, Comorbidity, Cost of Illness, Mood Disorders, Theory of Mind
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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