A comprehensive review on physical activation of biochar for energy and environmental applications
Abstract
Biochar is a solid by-product of thermochemical conversion of biomass to bio-oil and syngas. It has a carbonaceous skeleton, a small amount of heteroatom functional groups, mineral matter, and water. Biochar’s unique physicochemical structures lead to many valuable properties of important technological applications, including its sorption capacity. Indeed, biochar’s wide range of applications include carbon sequestration, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, renewable energy generation, soil amendment, and environmental remediation. Aside from these applications, new scientific insights and technological concepts have continued to emerge in the last decade. Consequently, a systematic update of current knowledge regarding the complex nature of biochar, the scientific and technological impacts, and operational costs of different activation strategies are highly desirable for transforming biochar applications into industrial scales. This communication presents a comprehensive review of physical activation/modification strategies and their effects on the physicochemical properties of biochar and its applications in environment-related fields. Physical activation applied to the activation of biochar is discussed under three different categories: I) gaseous modification by steam, carbon dioxide, air, or ozone; II) thermal modification by conventional heating and microwave irradiation; and III) recently developed modification methods using ultrasound waves, plasm…
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In both rounds, similar trends were observed for VC, ash, and FC, with longer residence times promoting steady decomposition, carbon reinforcement, and microporosity development.
“In both rounds, similar trends were observed for VC, ash, and FC, with longer residence times promoting steady decomposition, carbon reinforcement, and microporosity development [93].”
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- Authors
- Sajjadi, B., Chen, W.-Y., & Egiebor, N. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi (US)
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sajjadi, Baharak
- Venue
- Reviews in Chemical Engineering
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2019-07-26
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 735-776
- ISSN
- 0167-8299 (ISSN-L)
- 2191-0235
- OpenAlex
- W2890474203
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 232
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 7.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews in Chemical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
- Keywords
- biochar, physical activation, biomass thermochemical conversion, steam activation, CO2 activation, microwave activation, ultrasonic activation, plasma activation, electrochemical activation, surface area, pore structure, surface functional groups, adsorption, environmental remediation, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, waste management, soil amendment, physicochemical properties
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