Neurobiology of Tourette Syndrome: Current Status and Need for Further Investigation: Table 1.
Open accessAbstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of fluctuating motor and phonic tics. The typical age of onset is ∼5-7 years, and the majority of children improve by their late teens or early adulthood. Affected individuals are at increased risk for the development of various comorbid conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, school problems, depression, and anxiety. There is no cure for tics, and symptomatic therapy includes behavioral and pharmacological approaches. Evidence supports TS being an inherited disorder; however, the precise genetic abnormality remains unknown. Pathologic involvement of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) pathways is supported by neurophysiological, brain imaging, and postmortem studies, but results are often confounded by small numbers, age differences, severity of symptoms, comorbidity, use of pharmacotherapy, and other factors. The primary site of abnormality remains controversial. Although numerous neurotransmitters participate in the transmission of messages through CSTC circuits, a dopaminergic dysfunction is considered a leading candidate. Several animal models have been used to study behaviors similar to tics as well as to pursue potential pathophysiological deficits. TS is a complex disorder with features overlapping a variety of scientific fields. Despite description of this syndrome in the late 19th century, there remain numerous unanswered neurobiological questions.
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There is increasing evidence for frontal-striatal dysfunction in TS.
“There is increasing evidence for frontal–striatal dysfunction in TS [for reviews, see Albin and Mink (2006) and Felling and Singer (2011)].”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Felling and Singer (2011)
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Self-citationUnderstanding disability in Tourette syndrome
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Self-citationBilineal transmission in Tourette syndrome
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Cerebral 5-HT2A receptor binding is increased in patients with Tourette's syndrome
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Self-citationFamily‐based genetic association study of DLGAP3 in Tourette Syndrome
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Increased midbrain gray matter in Tourette's syndrome
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Dopamine Receptor D2 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated in Taiwanese Children With Tourette Syndrome
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Self-citationThe PANDAS hypothesis: Losing its bite?
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Corpus callosum measurements in girls with Tourette syndrome
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Self-citationUsing animal models to develop therapeutics for Tourette Syndrome
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Interhemispheric motor networks are abnormal in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
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Self-citationGilles de la Tourette on Tourette syndrome.
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Subcortical volumes in girls with Tourette syndrome
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Self-citationCorpus callosum abnormalities in Tourette syndrome: an MRI-DTI study of monozygotic twins
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Self-citationEquine self-mutilation syndrome (57 cases)
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Second messenger systems in Tourette's syndrome
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A genome-wide scan and fine mapping in Tourette syndrome families.
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New-Onset Tic Disorder Following Acute Hemorrhage of an Arteriovenous Malformation
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Self-citationHeterogeneity of voxel‐based morphometry findings in Tourette's syndrome: An effect of age?
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Structural abnormalities in the substantia nigra and neighbouring nuclei in Tourette’s syndrome
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Effects of apomorphine on the expression of learned helplessness behavior.
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Circuits to Synapses: The Pathophysiology of Tourette Syndrome
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Neurobiology of rodent self-grooming and its value for translational neuroscience
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G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders
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Motor control, habits, complex motor stereotypies, and Tourette syndrome
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Self-citationHistory of Psychosurgery: A Psychiatrist's Perspective
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An Introduction to the Clinical Phenomenology of Tourette Syndrome
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The Roles of Phasic and Tonic Dopamine in Tic Learning and Expression
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Tourette syndrome: a disorder of the social decision-making network
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
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GABA and glutamate in children with Tourette syndrome: A 1 H MR spectroscopy study at 7 T
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Self-citationNeuromodulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Animal models of tic disorders: A translational perspective
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Mechanisms Underlying Behavior Therapy for Tourette’s Disorder
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Depicting the composition of gut microbiota in children with tic disorders: an exploratory study
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- Authors
- Felling, R. J., & Singer, H. S.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singer, Harvey S.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-08-31
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 12387-12395
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6703258
- OpenAlex
- W1970375293
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 13.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, neurobiology, dopaminergic dysfunction, tics, genetic inheritance, comorbidities, neurotransmitters, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Neurobiology, History, 19th Century
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