Control networks in paediatric Tourette syndrome show immature and anomalous patterns of functional connectivity
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Tourette syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive behaviours that manifest as stereotyped movements and vocalizations called 'tics'. Operating under the hypothesis that the brain's control systems may be impaired in TS, we measured resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) between 39 previously defined putative control regions in 33 adolescents with TS. We were particularly interested in the effect of TS on two of the brain's task control networks-a fronto-parietal network likely involved in more rapid, adaptive online control, and a cingulo-opercular network apparently important for set-maintenance. To examine the relative maturity of connections in the Tourette subjects, functional connections that changed significantly over typical development were examined. Age curves were created for each functional connection charting correlation coefficients over age for 210 healthy people aged 7-31 years, and the TS group correlation coefficients were compared to these curves. Many of these connections were significantly less 'mature' than expected in the TS group. This immaturity was true not only for functional connections that grow stronger with age, but also for those that diminish in strength with age. To explore other differences between Tourette and typically developing subjects further, we performed a second analysis in which the TS group was directly compared to an age-matched, movement-matched group of typically developing, unaffected adolescents. A number of functional connections were found to differ between the two groups. For these identified connections, a large number of connectional differences were found where the TS group value was out of range compared to typical developmental age curves. These anomalous connections were primarily found in the fronto-parietal network, thought to be important for online adaptive control. These results suggest that in adolescents with TS, immature functional connectivity is widespread, with additional, more profound deviation of connectivity in regions related to adaptive online control.
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“Noting the early ontogeny of brainstem development and evidence of increased prevalence of putative ASD cases associated with early exposure to teratogens affecting brainstem development (95), models of autism have posited brainstem abnormalities (66).”
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Neurobiology of Tourette Syndrome: Current Status and Need for Further Investigation: Table 1.
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The “Task B problem” and other considerations in developmental functional neuroimaging
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MR connectomics: a conceptual framework for studying the developing brain
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Postural Control in Childhood: Investigating the Neurodevelopmental Gradient Hypothesis
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- Authors
- Church, J. A., Fair, D. A., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Cohen, A. L., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Church, Jessica A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-10-24
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 225-238
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC2638693
- OpenAlex
- W2009329597
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 20.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K02NS053425)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, functional connectivity, resting-state functional connectivity, frontoparietal network, cingulo-opercular network, developmental immaturity, set maintenance, adolescents, tic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain Mapping, Child, Female, Frontal Lobe, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neuropsychological Tests, Parietal Lobe, Young Adult
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