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Neurobiology of Tourette Syndrome: Current Status and Need for Further Investigation: Table 1.
Open accessAbstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of fluctuating motor and phonic tics. The typical age of onset is ∼5-7 years, and the majority of children improve by their late teens or early adulthood. Affected individuals are at increased risk for the development of various comorbid conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, school problems, depression, and anxiety. There is no cure for tics, and symptomatic therapy includes behavioral and pharmacological approaches. Evidence supports TS being an inherited disorder; however, the precise genetic abnormality remains unknown. Pathologic involvement of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) pathways is supported by neurophysiological, brain imaging, and postmortem studies, but results are often confounded by small numbers, age differences, severity of symptoms, comorbidity, use of pharmacotherapy, and other factors. The primary site of abnormality remains controversial. Although numerous neurotransmitters participate in the transmission of messages through CSTC circuits, a dopaminergic dysfunction is considered a leading candidate. Several animal models have been used to study behaviors similar to tics as well as to pursue potential pathophysiological deficits. TS is a complex disorder with features overlapping a variety of scientific fields. Despite description of this syndrome in the late 19th century, there remain numerous unanswered neurobiological questions.
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“There is increasing evidence for frontal–striatal dysfunction in TS [for reviews, see Albin and Mink (2006) and Felling and Singer (2011)].”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Felling and Singer (2011)
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Self-citationBilineal transmission in Tourette syndrome
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Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a [123I]FP‐CIT/SPECT study
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Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for Tourette disorder
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Cerebral 5-HT2A receptor binding is increased in patients with Tourette's syndrome
Haugbøl, S., Pinborg, L. H., Regeur, L., Hansen, E. S., Bolwig, T. G., Nielsen, F. Å., Svarer, C., Skovgaard, L. T., & Knudsen, G. M. (2006) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145706006559 · Cited by 75
Family‐based genetic association study of DLGAP3 in Tourette Syndrome
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Glutamatergic modulatory therapy for Tourette syndrome
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Self-citationSinger, H. S., & Loiselle, C. R. (2003) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00582-2 · Cited by 72
Self-citationRoessner, V., Overlack, S., Schmidt‐Samoa, C., Baudewig, J., Dechent, P., Rothenberger, A., & Helms, G. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02324.x · Cited by 71
Increased midbrain gray matter in Tourette's syndrome
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Dopamine Receptor D2 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated in Taiwanese Children With Tourette Syndrome
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Adamczyk, A. L., Gause, C. D., Sattler, R., Vidensky, S., Rothstein, J. D., Singer, H. S., & Wang, T. (2011) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e328341a307 · Cited by 62
Self-citationThe PANDAS hypothesis: Losing its bite?
Kurlan, R. (2004) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20107 · Cited by 62
Sex of parent transmission effect in Tourette's syndrome
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Corpus callosum measurements in girls with Tourette syndrome
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Self-citationUsing animal models to develop therapeutics for Tourette Syndrome
Swerdlow, N. R., & Sutherland, A. N. (2005) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.05.003 · Cited by 60
Children at familial risk for Tourette's disorder: Child and parent diagnoses
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Clinical evidence of genomic imprinting in Tourette's syndrome
Lichter, D. G., Jackson, L. A., & Schachter, M. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.5.924 · Cited by 55
Interhemispheric motor networks are abnormal in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Bäumer, T., Thomalla, G., Kroeger, J., Jonas, M., Gerloff, C. P., Hummel, F. C., Müller‐Vahl, K., Schnitzler, A., Siebner, H. R., Orth, M., et al. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23418 · Cited by 55
Abnormal brain tryptophan metabolism and clinical correlates in Tourette syndrome
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Church, J. A. (2009) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.038.2009 · Cited by 50
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Self-citationGilles de la Tourette on Tourette syndrome.
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Subcortical volumes in girls with Tourette syndrome
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Self-citationCorpus callosum abnormalities in Tourette syndrome: an MRI-DTI study of monozygotic twins
Cavanna, A. E., Stecco, A., Rickards, H. E., Servo, S., Terazzi, E., Peterson, B. S., Robertson, M. M., Carriero, A., & Monaco, F. L. (2010) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.173666 · Cited by 48
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Self-citationGrados, M. A. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.04.009 · Cited by 47
Equine self-mutilation syndrome (57 cases)
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Cognitive functioning in Tourette syndrome.
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Abnormal circling behavior in rat mutants and its relevance to model specific brain dysfunctions
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Interhemispheric connectivity and executive functioning in adults with Tourette syndrome.
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TS+OCD-like neuropotentiated mice are supersensitive to seizure induction
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Evaluation of Tourette’s syndrome by 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT/CT imaging
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Association Between Maternal Smoking and Increased Symptom Severity in Tourette’s Syndrome
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Second messenger systems in Tourette's syndrome
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Self-citationPlessen, K. J., Lundervold, A., Grüner, R., Hammar, Å., Lundervold, A. J., Peterson, B. S., & Hugdahl, K. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.006 · Cited by 20
A genome-wide scan and fine mapping in Tourette syndrome families.
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New-Onset Tic Disorder Following Acute Hemorrhage of an Arteriovenous Malformation
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Self-citationHeterogeneity of voxel‐based morphometry findings in Tourette's syndrome: An effect of age?
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Structural abnormalities in the substantia nigra and neighbouring nuclei in Tourette’s syndrome
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Effects of apomorphine on the expression of learned helplessness behavior.
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Circuits to Synapses: The Pathophysiology of Tourette Syndrome
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.955 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1097/00019052-200306000-00017 · DOI
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Metadata
- Authors
- Felling, R. J., & Singer, H. S.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singer, Harvey S.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-08-31
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 12387-12395
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6703258
- OpenAlex
- W1970375293
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 13.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, neurobiology, dopaminergic dysfunction, tics, genetic inheritance, comorbidities, neurotransmitters, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Neurobiology, History, 19th Century
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