The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 78 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Immunocytochemical localization of tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2 during the development of hippocampal neurons in culture
Open accessAbstract
n dissociated-cell cultures prepared from the embryonic rat hippocampus, neurons establish both axons and dendrites, which differ in geometry, in ultrastructure, and in synaptic polarity. We have used immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies to study the regional distribution of beta-tubulin and micro-tubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in hippocampal cultures and their localization during early stages of axonal and dendritic development. After development for a week or more in culture, when axons and dendrites were well- differentiated, the distribution of these two proteins was quite different. Beta-tubulin was present throughout the nerve cell, in soma, dendrites, and axon. It was also present in all classes of non-neuronal cells, astrocytes, fibroblasts, and a presumptive glial progenitor cell. In contrast, MAP2 was preferentially localized to nerve cells; within neurons, MAP2 was present in soma and dendrites, but little or no immunostaining was detectable in axons. Both beta-tubulin and MAP2 were present in nerve cells at the time of plating. From the earliest stages of process extension, beta-tubulin was present in all neuronal processes, both axons and dendrites. Surprisingly, MAP2 was also initially present in both axons and dendrites, extending as far as the axonal growth cone. With subsequent development, MAP2 staining was selectively lost from the axon so that after 1 week in vitro little or no axonal staining remained. Taken together with earlier results (Caceres et al., 1984a), these data indicate that the establishment of neuronal polarity, as manifested by the molecular differentiation of the axonal and dendritic cytoskeleton, occurs largely under endogenous control, even under culture conditions in which cell interactions are greatly restricted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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TL;DR
In dissociated embryonic rat hippocampal cultures, beta-tubulin was present in axons, dendrites, soma, and non-neuronal cells, whereas MAP2 was preferentially localized to soma and dendrites in mature neurons. Unexpectedly, MAP2 was initially present in both axons and dendrites, including axonal growth cones, and was selectively lost from axons over the first week in culture.
Key findings
- In mature cultures (7–35 d in vitro), beta-tubulin immunoreactivity was present throughout neurons—soma, dendrites, and even the thinnest axons—and in astrocytes, fibroblasts, and presumptive glial progenitor cells; MAP2 was intensely stained in perikarya and dendrites but showed little or no axonal staining.
- At plating, both beta-tubulin and MAP2 were present in nerve cells; within 1–2 d, MAP2 immunoreactivity was present in all developing processes, including axons, and could be followed to axonal tips as far as 150 µm from cell bodies.
- By 3–4 d in culture, MAP2 staining in axons appeared preferentially in distal axonal regions, sometimes restricted to the growth cone and immediately proximal axon; by about the end of the first week, axonal MAP2 staining had largely disappeared.
- After 1 d in culture, when MAP2 was still uniformly distributed in axons and dendrites, dendrites were already elongating about 5× more slowly than axons, indicating that MAP2 presence does not determine dendritic identity.
Methods
- Hippocampal neurons were prepared from 17–20-d-old rat fetuses, dissociated after trypsin treatment, and plated onto polylysine-treated coverslips at 5,000–15,000 cells/cm²; coverslips were co-cultured facing confluent astroglial monolayers in MEM with N2 supplement and 0.1% ovalbumin.
- Immunocytochemistry used monoclonal antibodies against beta-tubulin (clones Tu9b, Tu12, Tu27) and MAP2 (clones AP9, AP13), with several fixation/permeabilization procedures including paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde, cold methanol, and Triton X-100 extraction; staining was visualized by peroxidase-antiperoxidase and diaminobenzidine.
- Analysis was qualitative light-microscopic immunocytochemistry, with controls omitting primary antibody or preabsorbing with purified antigen.
Limitations
- The paper states that MAP2 distribution in situ has not been studied at comparably early stages, so it is unknown whether axons transiently contain MAP2 during normal development in situ.
- The paper states that axonal MAP2 staining could be an artifact of dissociation and culture, and that the functional role of MAP2 in developing axons is not known.
- Evident from the text: the study is qualitative immunocytochemistry without quantification, and the culture system uses glial co-culture and trophic support, so it may not fully reproduce in vivo cell interactions.
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Claims the paper makes
32 Own result · 30 Sources not found · 18 Own interpretation · 8 Not checked yet · 5 Partly supported · 4 Supported · 4 Own method · 3 Supported so far · 3 No full text of the sources · 2 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The non-neuronal cells present in these cultures, which have been identified using cell-type specific markers (A. Hodson and G. Banker, unpublished observations), include astrocytes, fibroblasts, and presumptive glial progenitor cells similar to those described by Raff et al. (1983) in cultures of optic nerve.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Raff et al. (1983) source
The citation to Raff et al. supports the comparison to presumptive glial progenitor cells in optic-nerve cultures, not the citing authors’ identification of every cell type in their own cultures. The source’s Results and Discussion describe A2B5-positive, GFAP-negative optic-nerve cells that become type 2 astrocytes in culture and may also become oligodendrocytes. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Thus, the sorting and transport of materials that occur in neurons must be considerably more sophisticated than that in other polarized cells (e.g., Matlin and Simons, 1984).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Matlin and Simons, 1984 source
The paper’s introductory passage describes epithelial cells as polarized into apical and basolateral domains and investigates how proteins are sorted to them. The citation serves as an example of sorting in another polarized cell type; the conclusion that neuronal sorting is more sophisticated is the citing authors’ own inference. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“They are found along the full length of the dendrites, extending to the base of the dendritic growth cones (Hinds and Hinds, 1972;Skoff and Hamburger, 1974;Vaughn et al., 1974).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hinds and Hinds, 1972 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Skoff and Hamburger, 1974 source
- Supportedcites Vaughn et al., 1974 source
The description on p. 666 identifies longitudinally oriented microtubules in both proximal and more distal dendritic regions. Figure 2 (p. 667) shows a dendrite transitioning into a growth cone, supporting the paraphrase that microtubules extend along the dendrite to the cone’s base; the paper does not claim that they fill the growth cone. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, MAP2 was preferentially localized to nerve cells; within neurons, MAP2 was present in soma and dendrites, but little or no immunostaining was detectable in axons.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“Hence, MAP2 appears to be preferentially expressed by neuronal cells in hippocampal cultures, just as it is in situ (Caceres et al., 1984b;Huber and Matus, 1984b).”
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- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beta-tubulin was present throughout the nerve cell, in soma, dendrites, and axon.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“neuron-in the perikaryon, throughout all portions of the dendrites that could be followed from the cell body, and in even the thinnest of the axons.Every process that could be seen by phase-contrast microscopy also displayed immunoreactivity for beta-tubulin.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was also present in all classes of non-neuronal cells, astrocytes, fibroblasts, and a presumptive glial progenitor cell.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“All were stained with antibodies specific for tubulin, but little immunoreactive MAP2 was detected in any of these classes of non-neuronal cells.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With subsequent development, MAP2 staining was selectively lost from the axon so that after 1 week in vitro little or no axonal staining remained.”
- Also stated in: § Loss of MAP2 during axonal development · plain
“By about the end of the first week in culture, axonal MAP2 staining had largely disappeared.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Loss of MAP2 during axonal development · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both beta-tubulin and MAP2 were present in nerve cells at the time of plating.”
- Also stated in: § Distribution of tubulin and MAP2 early in neuronal development · plain
“Nearly all cells reacted with antibodies against both MAP2 and beta-tubulin (data not shown).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Distribution of tubulin and MAP2 early in neuronal development · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This restricted localization of MAP2 was observed after development in vitro for times ranging from 7 to 35 d.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Surprisingly, MAP2 was also initially present in both axons and dendrites, extending as far as the axonal growth cone.”
- Also stated in: § Distribution of tubulin and MAP2 early in neuronal development · plain
“immunoreactivity for MAP2 was present in all of the developing processes, including the developing axon.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“MAP2 staining, seen in the bright-field micrograph (C), is present along the full length of the axon as far as the base of its growth cone (gc).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Distribution of tubulin and MAP2 early in neuronal development · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All were stained with antibodies specific for tubulin, but little immunoreactive MAP2 was detected in any of these classes of non-neuronal cells.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“From the earliest stages of process extension, beta-tubulin was present in all neuronal processes, both axons and dendrites.”
- Also stated in: § Distribution of tubulin and MAP2 early in neuronal development · plain
“All of the processes, both axons and dendrites, were from the outset heavily stained following exposure to antibodies against beta-tubulin.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Distribution of tubulin and MAP2 early in neuronal development · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the outset of development, MAP2 is present in all of the neuronal processes, axons as well as dendrites.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When 3 or 4 d cultures were examined after fixation with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde together with formaldehyde, MAP2 immunoreactivity appeared to be preferentially localized in the distal portions of the axonal arborization, as well as throughout the dendrites.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In well-differentiated hippocampal neurons in culture we observed that MAP2 was preferentially localized to the cell bodies and dendrites; little or no labeling of axons or of non-neuronal cells was seen.”
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In the paper
“After 1 d in culture, at a time when MAP2 appears to be uniformly distributed throughout both axons and dendrites”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only after 3 or 4 d in culture, when axons and dendrites are already quite distinct morphologically, does the loss of axonal MAP2 begin.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In some cases, axonal MAP2 was restricted to the growth cone and the segment of axon immediately proximal to it (Fig. 6).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the two classes of processes already differ in their growth characteristics, dendrites elongating about 5 x more slowly than the axons (Banker, unpublished observations).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Banker, unpublished observations
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Throughout this period of development, immunoreactivity for beta-tubulin appeared uniformly distributed in both the axonal and dendritic processes.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Without doubt the most unexpected finding in this study was the presence of MAP2 in axons during the first few days of their development in culture.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We detected both MAP2 and tubulin in freshly dissociated hippocampal neurons prepared from 18 and 19 d embryos.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We failed to observe significant expression of MAP2 in non-neuronal cells at any stage of development in culture, even as early as 1 d after plating.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It may also be noted in Figure 6 that MAP2 immunoreactivity appears to be present at the base of the axon (arrowheads).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In cultures at a comparable stage that were fixed with methanol or with formaldehyde alone, little or no axonal immunoreactivity for MAP2 could be detected.”
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In the paper
“By about the end of the first week in culture, axonal MAP2 staining had largely disappeared.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Electron microscopy of hippocampal cells in culture has also revealed densely packed microtubules at all stages of dendritic development, extending to the base of the dendritic growth cone (Bartlett and Banker, 1984a, and unpublished observations).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“In hippocampal neurons in culture it is most common for the axon to arise as a branch from the proximal portion of a dendrite rather than directly from the cell soma (Bartlett and Banker, 1984a).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were able to detect tubulin by immunocytochemistry in all of the processes of developing hippocampal neurons, including dendrites at their earliest stage of development.”
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In the paper
“At all stages of dendritic development, tubulin immunoreactivity was retained following detergent extraction”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Taken together with earlier results (Cbceres et al., 1984a), these data indicate that the establishment of neuronal polarity, as manifested by the molecular differentiation of the axonal and dendritic cytoskeleton, occurs largely under endogenous control, even under culture conditions in which cell interactions are greatly restricted.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cbceres et al., 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Cell interactions are greatly restricted under the culture conditions used.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAP2 does not appear to be involved in the determination of neuronal polarity; processes that initially contain MAP2 may become either axons or dendrites.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These results support the notion that the development of the high degree of anisotropy characteristic of neurons may arise from molecular asymmetries of the cytoskeleton.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unlike continuous nerve cell lines, hippocampal pyramidal cells in primary culture reproduce many of the characteristic structural features that distinguish them in situ.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banker and Cowan, 1979 source
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, 1984a, b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The staining observed in somata and dendrites represents MAP2 that remains associated with the cytoskeleton after extraction with Triton X-100 (Caceres et al., 1984a).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Caceres et al., 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAP2 does not appear to be involved in the determination of neuronal polarity; processes that initially contain MAP2 may become either axons or dendrites.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Preliminary electronmicroscopic observations of hippocampal neurons at this stage show that longitudinally aligned microtubules form the predominant cytoskeletal element in both developing axons and dendrites (Bartlett and Banker, unpublished observations.)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, unpublished observations
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results show that MAP2 is present in hippocampal neurons at considerably earlier stages of development than have been studied previously.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, they demonstrate that the compartmentalization of MAP2 occurs appropriately in hippocampal cultures”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations show that the expression of MAP2 occurs quite early in neuronal development”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but such factors are unlikely to play more than a permissive role in the establishment of cytoskeletal compartmentalization.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, this immunoreactivity probably represents staining of the dendritic process from which the axon originates.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and, hence, that these cultures provide a suitable model system for analyzing the role of MAP2 in dendritic development.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the distribution of MAP2 and tubulin in older hippocampal cultures parallels their distribution in situ (Caceres et al., 1984a, and this report).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Caceres et al., 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Taken together with previous observations, which show that polyribosomes also become restricted to the somatodendritic domain in the absence of cell-cell contact (Bartlett and Banker, 1984a), these results indicate that the establishment of neuronal polarity in culture can occur independently of cellcell contact.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observations of the distribution of MAP2 during this transition period provided direct evidence indicating that MAP2 is lost by turnover or redistribution.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It clearly does not depend on contact with other neurons or with glial cells (Caceres et al., 1984a).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Caceres et al., 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The majority of neurons in the hippocampus at this stage would have undergone their final cell division only 1 or 2 d before this time (Banker and Cowan, 1977;Schlessinger et al., 1978).”
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Biochemical studies show that MAP2a does not normally appear in the cerebrum until rather late in development, beginning after the second postnatal week (Binder et al., 1984a).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Binder et al., 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When cells are removed from the embryo at this early stage of development, the subsequent localization of MAP2 must largely occur under endogenous control.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Previous light-and electron-microscopic studies have shown that the axons in these cultures most typically arise as branches from the proximal portion of a dendrite, rather than directly from the cell soma (Bartlett and Banker, 1984a).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, from the evidence at hand, there is no reason to suppose that the MAP2, which is bound to the cytoskeleton in the developing dendrites of hippocampal neurons, is not associated with microtubules.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: MAP2 is bound to the cytoskeleton in the developing dendrites of hippocampal neurons.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In any event, whether or not developing axons contain MAP2 in situ, our results show quite clearly that the presence of MAP2 in a developing neuronal process is not sufficient to determine that it will differentiate as a dendrite.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting the presence of assembled microtubules.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and microtubules have been observed by electron microscopy (Altman, 1972;Frankfurter et al., 1983), although they are few in number.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Altman, 1972 source
- Not matchedcites Frankfurter et al., 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition, recent biochemical and immunocytochemical studies have established that there are molecular differences between the microtubules (Caceres et al., 1984b;Matus et al., 198 1;Vallee, 1982) and neurofilaments (Hirokawa et al., 1984;Shaw et al., 198 1) in different regions of a neuron, and in different classes of neurons (Goldstein et al., 1983).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Caceres et al., 1984b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Matus et al., 198 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Vallee, 1982 source
Vallee is cited for the microtubule part of the sentence, not for neurofilaments or differences between classes of neurons, which have separate citations. The paper reports a fivefold difference in MAP 2 relative to tubulin between gray- and white-matter microtubules and, in the discussion (p. 441), relates this to preferential localization in dendrites rather than axons. (LLM, conf=0.91)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In this regard, microtubules are apt to be especially important because they arise early in neuronal development, usually much before neurofilaments (Pachter and Liem, 1984;Peters and Vaughn, 1967;Shaw et al., 1985), and because they have been implicated in a variety of cellular events, including the outgrowth of neuronal processes and the transport of materials within axons and dendrites.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pachter and Liem, 1984 source
- Supportedcites Peters and Vaughn, 1967 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not matchedcites Shaw et al., 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In a pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12), neurite outgrowth induced by NGF is accompanied by a selective induction of MAP 1 (Greene et al., 1983).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Greene et al., 1983 source
The Introduction (p. 76) states that NGF causes neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and selectively induces a protein corresponding to a subspecies of MAP1. The Discussion (pp. 81–82) identifies the induced protein as MAP1 rather than MAP2 and describes its induction alongside neurite outgrowth; it also notes that induction can occur without neurites forming. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“By contrast, MAP1 appears to be present in both axons and dendrites (Bloom et al., 1984;Huber and Matus, 1984b).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bloom et al., 1984 source
The paper states on p. 328 that MAP 1A is present in identifiable axons and identifiable dendrites. The Fig. 7 caption (p. 325) also identifies MAP 1A in both the axons and dendrites of Purkinje cells. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Not matchedcites Huber and Matus, 1984b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This is consistent with its preferential distribution in gray matter, as has been shown biochemically (Vallee, 1982).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vallee, 1982 source
The Results section ('Isolation of Microtubules from White and Gray Matter,' Fig. 6, pp. 439–440) reports a fivefold higher MAP 2-to-tubulin ratio in gray-matter than white-matter microtubules. The Discussion (pp. 440–441) explicitly describes MAP 2 as more concentrated in gray matter microtubules, supporting the cited biochemical finding. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several lines of evidence indicate that the various components of the neuronal cytoskeleton are crucial for the differentiation, elaboration, and maintenance of axons and dendrites (for reviews, see Lasek et al., 1983;Solomon, 1981;Solomon and Zurn, 198 1).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lasek et al., 1983 source
- Partly supportedcites Solomon, 1981 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The opening discussion (p. 547) reports that disrupting microtubules or microfilaments inhibits extension of axonlike neurites in cultured cells of neuronal origin, and says three cytoskeletal components may participate in the assumption and loss of asymmetric shape. This supports a role in neurite elaboration and retention, but the paper's qualified discussion does not establish that these components are crucial for the differentiation, elaboration, and maintenance of both axons and dendrites generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites Solomon and Zurn, 198 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Different classes of microtubules appear to contain different isotypes of the tubulin subunits (Gazes and Bamstable, 1982;Gazes and Sweadner, 1981;Moura Neto et al., 1983), and these different microtubules appear to be compartmentalized within neurons (Cumming et al., 1983).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gazes and Bamstable, 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gazes and Sweadner, 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Moura Neto et al., 1983 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Moura Neto et al. is cited for the first clause, not the later claim about compartmentalization. The Results section ('Tubulin heterogeneity in virtually pure neuronal cells') and Discussion show multiple tubulin isoforms in neuronal cultures, but do not establish that distinct classes of microtubules contain different isotypes. The Introduction explicitly leaves open whether tubulin heterogeneity reflects different microtubules within individual cells or differences among cells; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Rings of microtubules have been observed in the growth cones of sensory neurons in culture (Tsui et al., 1983).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tsui et al., 1983 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports microtubules in the growth cones of cultured embryonic chicken retina neurons. It does not describe rings of microtubules or identify the studied cells as sensory neurons, so those parts of the claim are unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“An analogous situation occurs in dorsal root ganglion cells, where there are differences in the structure and transport of cytoskeletal elements in the peripheral and central branches of the axon (Mori et al., 1979;Smith, 1973;Wujek and Lasek, 1983;Zenker et al., 1975).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Mori et al., 1979 source
The Abstract (p. 174) compares cytoskeletal polypeptides in the peripheral and central branches of adult rat dorsal root ganglion axons. It reports differences in transport rates and amounts, as well as a higher tubulins-to-triplet ratio in the peripheral branch, supporting the claim about transport and cytoskeletal composition. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smith, 1973 source
- Not matchedcites Wujek and Lasek, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, MAP2 was preferentially localized to nerve cells; within neurons, MAP2 was present in soma and dendrites, but little or no immunostaining was detectable in axons.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Both perikarya and dendrites were intensely immunoreactive for MAP2, but little or no reactivity was observed in any of the axonal processes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dendrites are thick at the base, taper with increasing distance from the cell body, branch in Y-shaped angles, and are relatively short (roughly loo-250 Mm long at this stage of development).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In cultures that have been maintained for l-5 weeks in vitro, the distinctive appearance of axons and dendrites is readily apparent by LM.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In flattened regions of the cell, the MAP2 staining could sometimes be seen to have a filamentous character.For example, in the neuron shown in Figure 5D, the MAP2 appears to be associated with filamentous structures that form a ring within the body of the growth cone.”
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The loss in MAP2 staining appears to occur in a proximal-to-distal direction, with axonal staining persisting for the longest time in the region of the growth cone.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Immunoreactivity for MAP2 at the origin of the axon was also seen following formaldehyde or methanol fixation and persisted at later developmental stages, after MAP2 staining of the distal axon had disappeared.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Within a day after plating, most neurons had begun to extend processes, as shown in Figure 4. Typically these included one major process, which at this stage was 50-100 pm in length, and several, much shorter, minor processes (see Banker and Cowan, 1977).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banker and Cowan, 1977 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was also true following culture for 2 d, when MAP2 immunoreactivity could be followed to the tips of axons as far as 150 pm from the cell bodies.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is also significant that MAP2 is preferentially expressed by neurons and becomes preferentially localized to neuronal dendrites in dissociated cell culture, where cell<ell interactions are greatly disrupted.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beta-tubulin appears to be uniformly distributed in the axonal and dendritic processes of hippocampal neurons and is present as well in all of the classes of non-neuronal cells found in these cultures.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In hippocampal neurons in culture, immunoreactivity for beta-tubulin appeared to be uniformly distributed throughout the cell (Fig. 4B).All of the processes, both axons and dendrites, were from the outset heavily stained following exposure to antibodies against beta-tubulin.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vimentin filaments largely disappear from hippocampal neurons during the first week in culture, which roughly parallels the period when MAP2 becomes restricted to dendrites.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is just what we have observed (see Fig. 6): the parent segment and the branch that maintains a dendritic character contain MAP2, while the other, axonal, branch does not.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In dissociated-cell cultures prepared from.the.embryonic rat hippocampus, neurons establish both axons and dendrites, which differ in geometry, in ultrastructure, and in synaptic polarity.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Most important, they establish two distinct classes of processes that can be identified as axons and dendrites based on their geometry, their ultrastructural features, and their synaptic polarity (Banker and Cowan, 1979;Bartlett and Banker, 1984a, b).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banker and Cowan, 1979 source
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, 1984a, b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“It has been shown by immunofluorescence microscopy that alpha-tubulin is also present in all of the neuronal processes that develop from hippocampal neurons in culture (Shaw et al., 1985).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shaw et al., 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identical results were obtained with both MAP2-specific monoclonal antibodies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among the lower molecular weight MAPS, there is recent evidence that the “tau” proteins are also differentially distributed (Binder et al., 1984b, Tytell et al., 1984).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Binder et al., 1984b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tytell et al., 1984 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For example, immunocytochemical studies show that MAP2, one of the two classes of high-molecular-weight MAPS (HMW-MAPS), is preferentially associated with dendritic microtubules (Caceres et al., 1984b;DeCamilli et al., 1984;Huber and Matus, 1984a).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Caceres et al., 1984b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites DeCamilli et al., 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Huber and Matus, 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Bemhardt and Matus (1982) have shown that HMW-MAPS are present during the initial phases of dendritic development in cerebellar Purkinje cells.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bemhardt and Matus (1982)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In contrast, the H subunit of neurofilaments (200 kDa) is present in some of the axons that develop in culture, as shown by immunocytochemistry, but is undetectable in the dendrites (Shaw et al., 1985).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shaw et al., 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“We have recently shown that the axons and dendrites that form in culture also differ in the molecular composition of their cytoskeletons.MAP2 is restricted to the soma and dendritic processes, as it is in the hippocampus in situ (Caceres et al., 1984a).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Caceres et al., 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The binding specificity of each clone was examined by solid-phase-enzyme-linked immunoassay, and cross-reactivity to other proteins was tested by reacting the antibodies with electroblots of rat hippocampus or cerebellum.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken collectively these results suggest an important role for MAPS in neuronal development, but because of the different model systems and experimental approaches used, a clear picture of the function MAPS play has not yet emerged.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other studies have shown that HMW-MAPS appear only in differentiated neuroblastoma cells (Izant and Macintosh, 1980;Olmsted and Lyon, 198 1) and that the biochemical composition of the MAPS changes profoundly during brain development (Binder et al., 1984a;Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984;Francon et al., 1982;Mareck et al., 1980).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Izant and Macintosh, 1980
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Olmsted and Lyon, 198 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Binder et al., 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultures treated identically except for omission of the primary antibody or pretreated with an excess of purified antigen served as controls.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EM has shown that these processes contain ribosomes, exhibit spines, and are exclusively postsynaptic (Bartlett and Banker, 1984b).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, 1984b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It has previously been shown that co-culture of hip-pocampal neurons with astroglial cells greatly enhances neuronal survival (Banker, 1980).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Banker, 1980 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Axonal processes are long, thin, and quite uniform in diameter.They intersect one another, fasciculate, and form an extensive plexus, so that individual axons cannot be distinguished from small fascicles by LM and axons cannot be followed to their cells of origin.At the electron-microscopic level, the axons lack ribosomes and are exclusively presynaptic (Bartlett and Banker, 1984b).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bartlett and Banker, 1984b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Some of the regional differences in microtubules occur early in neuronal development (Bemhardt and Matus, 1982).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bemhardt and Matus, 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Biochemical studies have shown that MAP2 is present in the rat cerebellum, telencephalon, and thalamus on postnatal Day 10, the earliest stage yet examined (Binder et al., 1984a;Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Binder et al., 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“MAPS are present in cerebellar Purkinje cells as early as 3 d after birth (Bernhardt and Matus, 1982).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bernhardt and Matus, 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of these proteins so soon after plating almost certainly indicates that they were present in situ, and hence that MAP2 appears very early in neuronal development.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Proteins detected in neurons 30 min after plating were present in situ rather than synthesized during the 30 min after plating.
In the paper
“Although hippocampal neurons do not contain neurofilaments detectable by immunocytochemistry during the first few days in culture, many of the cells contain vimentin filaments, which are present in both developing axons and dendrites (Shaw et al., 1985).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shaw et al., 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our observations show that the compartmentalization of MAP2 immunoreactivity occurs in an unexpected way: MAP2 is not selectively excluded from the axon at early stages of axonal outgrowth, but rather is selectively lost from the axon following an initial period when its distribution is uniform throughout the cell.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Immunocytochemical studies us-ing a polyclonal antibody that recognizes both MAP 1 and MAP2 have detected these proteins in cerebellar Purkinje cells on postnatal Day 3, roughly 10 d after Purkinje cell generation; earlier stages were not examined (Bernhardt and Matus, 1982).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bernhardt and Matus, 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this regard neurons are quite different from epithelial cells, which become polarized only under culture conditions that permit the establishment of intercellular junctions (Imhof et al., 1983;Ojakian and Herzlinger, 1984;Sabatini et al., 1983).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Imhof et al., 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ojakian and Herzlinger, 1984
- Not matchedcites Sabatini et al., 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Bemhardt and Matus (1982) have reported that, in the case of cerebellar Purkinje cells, tubulin immunoreactivity cannot be detected at early stages of dendritic outgrowth.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bemhardt and Matus (1982)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Sequential observation of individual cells has established that retraction of some axonal processes does occur during this stage of axonal development, although many of the initial axons do persist (Banker, unpublished observations).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Banker, unpublished observations
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Sequential photography of individual cells during the first week in culture has shown that the axonal arborization arises by continued growth of the major process while many of the minor processes persist to become the definitive dendrites (Banker, unpublished observations).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Banker, unpublished observations
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This staining was not attributable solely to unpolymerized tubulin.Immunofluorescence observations clearly revealed fibrillar staining in the flattened regions from which the dendrites arise, and tubulin immunoreactivity was retained in the developing dendrites following extraction with Triton X-100 under conditions that remove unpolymerized cytoskel-eta1 subunits but preserve microtubules.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At later stages of development, MAP2 is preferentially localized to dendrites, but there appears to be more staining of axons than is seen in the mature brain (Frankfurter et al., 1983).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Frankfurter et al., 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this regard, Purkinje cells appear to be excep-tional, since microtubules are a prominent element in the developing dendrites of nearly all other types of neurons that have been studied (Miller and Peters, 1981;Peters and Feldman, 1973).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miller and Peters, 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peters and Feldman, 1973 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the microtubules in axons and dendrites are different, the two processes arising at such a branch point must contain molecularly distinct populations of microtubules.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even if axonal and dendritic microtubules arise from two different somatic organizing centers, as has been proposed (Lasek and Brady, 1981), some additional mechanism would still be required to segregate the two classes of microtubules at such a branch point and to direct the transport of materials produced in the cell body into one or the other branch.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lasek and Brady, 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other workers have since demonstrated the presence of tubulin in Purkinje cell dendrites at these stages of development by immunocytochemistry, using several different monoclonal antibodies (Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984;Frankfurter et al., 1983)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Frankfurter et al., 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Cell interactions are greatly restricted under the culture conditions used.
“even under culture conditions in which cell interactions are greatly restricted.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Proteins detected in neurons 30 min after plating were present in situ rather than synthesized during the 30 min after plating.
“The presence of these proteins so soon after plating almost certainly indicates that they were present in situ”
The paper relies on this without support.
The distribution of MAP2 in situ has not yet been studied at comparably early stages.
“The distribution of MAP2 in situ has not yet been studied at comparably early stages.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MAP2 is bound to the cytoskeleton in the developing dendrites of hippocampal neurons.
“the MAP2, which is bound to the cytoskeleton in the developing dendrites of hippocampal neurons, is not associated with microtubules.”
Citations
Cites
Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell line in serum-free supplemented medium.
Bottenstein, J. E., & SATO, G. H. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.1.514 · Cited by 2,268
Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture.
Banker, G. A., & Cowan, W. M. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90594-7 · Cited by 1,110
Self-citationAltman, J. (1972) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901450402 · Cited by 996 · cited 1×
“, 1983), and microtubules have been observed by electron microscopy (Altman, 1972; Frankfurter et al., 1983), although they are few in number.”
BackgroundBooher, J., & Sensenbrenner, M. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 760
Raff, M., Abney, E., Cohen, J., Lindsay, R., & Noble, M. (1983) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.03-06-01289.1983 · Cited by 759
Trophic Interactions Between Astroglial Cells and Hippocampal Neurons in Culture
Banker, G. A. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7403847 · Cited by 674 · cited 2×
“The hippocampal neurons in these cultures are in metabolic communication with glial cells, grown on a separate substrate as a source of trophic survival factors (Banker, 1980), but such factors are unlikely to play more than a permissive role in the establishment of cytoskeletal compartmentalization.”
BackgroundSelf-citationVallee, R. B. (1982) · The Journal of cell biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.92.2.435 · Cited by 551
Organization of mammalian neurofilament polypeptides within the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Hirokawa, N., Glicksman, M. A., & Willard, M. B. (1984) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.98.4.1523 · Cited by 496
Cáceres, A., Binder, L., Payne, M., Bender, P. K., Rebhun, L. I., & Steward, O. (1984) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.04-02-00394.1984 · Cited by 352
Self-citationBartlett, W., & Banker, G. (1984) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.04-08-01944.1984 · Cited by 348
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Hillman, D. E. (1979) Neuronal shape parameters and substructures as a basis of neuronal form. In The Neurosciences: Fourth Study Program, F. 0. Schmidt and F. W. Worden, eds., pp. 477-498, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Imhof. B. A.. H. P. Vollmers. S. L. Goodman. and W. Birchmeier teins: A monoclonal antibody to MAP2 binds to differentiated neu- rons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4747-4754.
- Matus, A., R. Bemhardt, and T. Hugh-Jones (198 1) High molecular weight microtubule associated proteins are preferentially associated with dendritic microtubules in brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 3010-3014.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neurotrophic and Neurotoxic Effects of Amyloid β Protein: Reversal by Tachykinin Neuropeptides
Yankner, B. A., Duffy, L. K., & Kirschner, D. A. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2218531 · Cited by 1,975
The establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture.
Dotti, C., Sullivan, C., & Banker, G. (1988) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-04-01454.1988 · Cited by 1,862
“At this early stage, the processes do not resemble either mature axons or dendrites in shape, and MAP2 is uniformly distributed throughout the cell (Caceres et al., 1986).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBaas, P. W., Deitch, J. S., Black, M. M., & Banker, G. A. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.21.8335 · Cited by 742
Self-citationβ-Amyloid fibrils induce tau phosphorylation and loss of microtubule binding
Busciglio, J., Lorenzo, A., Yeh, J., & Yankner, B. A. (1995) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90232-5 · Cited by 595
Outgrowth-regulating actions of glutamate in isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons
Mattson, M. P., Dou, P., & Kater, S. B. (1988) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-06-02087.1988 · Cited by 557
Metadata
- Authors
- Caceres, A., Banker, G., & Binder, L.
- Affiliations
- Albany Medical College (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1986-03-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 714-722
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6568475
- OpenAlex
- W1604664180
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a607142ce3477d35f9a8980c73254bdc41d664f
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NS12333)
- Fogarty International Center
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-12333, NS 17112)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
- Keywords
- beta-tubulin, MAP2, hippocampal neurons, neuronal polarity, axon development, dendrite formation, axonal growth cones, cytoskeleton, neuronal differentiation, glial progenitor cells, astrocytes, fibroblasts
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Dendrites, Female, Hippocampus, Histocytochemistry, Immunologic Techniques, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Neurons, Pregnancy, Tissue Distribution, Tubulin, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-24, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-24 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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