Retinoic Acid Induces Blood–Brain Barrier Development
Open accessAbstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is crucial in the maintenance of a controlled environment within the brain to safeguard optimal neuronal function. The endothelial cells (ECs) of the BBB possess specific properties that restrict the entry of cells and metabolites into the CNS. The specialized BBB endothelial phenotype is induced during neurovascular development by surrounding cells of the CNS. However, the molecular differentiation of the BBB endothelium remains poorly understood. Retinoic acid (RA) plays a crucial role in the brain during embryogenesis. Because radial glial cells supply the brain with RA during the developmental cascade and associate closely with the developing vasculature, we hypothesize that RA is important for the induction of BBB properties in brain ECs. Analysis of human postmortem fetal brain tissue shows that the enzyme mainly responsible for RA synthesis, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase, is expressed by radial glial cells. In addition, the most important receptor for RA-driven signaling in the CNS, RA-receptor β (RARβ), is markedly expressed by the developing brain vasculature. Our findings have been further corroborated by in vitro experiments showing RA- and RARβ-dependent induction of different aspects of the brain EC barrier. Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of RAR activation during the differentiation of the murine BBB resulted in the leakage of a fluorescent tracer as well as serum proteins into the developing brain and reduced the expression levels of important BBB determinants. Together, our results point to an important role for RA in the induction of the BBB during human and mouse development.
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RA/RAR signaling is critical for BBB differentiation and integrity.
“RA/RAR signaling is critical for BBB differentiation and integrity90.”
From Advances and challenges in retinoid delivery systems in regenerative and therapeutic medicine (2020) · cites this paper as [90]
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“As described above, retinoic acid is implicated in the induction of the blood-brain barrier endothelial phenotype during development [45] and Lippmann et al.”
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“bly secreted by the radial glial cells) has also been shown to induce BBB differentiation (Mizee et al., 2013).”
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“Some brain microenvironment-inducing effects on the BBB phenotype can be recapitulated pharmacologically, by targeting the BEC canonical Wnt pathway [37] or by adding retinoic acid (RA) [38].”
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“In vivo, pharmacologic modulation of RAR-β resulted in a perturbed BBB (Mizee et al. 2013).”
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“Astrocyte-derived factors, such as sonic hedgehog (Shh; Alvarez et al., 2011), angiotensinogen (Wosik et al., 2007) and retinoic acid (Mizee et al., 2013), have been shown to play roles in the maintenance and modulation of the expression and polarization of transporter proteins in the BBB (Abbott,…”
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“Retinoic acid (RA) also contributes to BBB maturation, enhancing expression of AJ and TJ proteins [34].”
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“Retinoic acid also plays an important role in the development of the BBB in humans and mice (Mizee et al., 2013), and its signaling is a critical process for neurodevelopment (Cho et al., 2021; Menegola et al., 2021).”
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“ECs form a tight structural barrier due to the presence of well-developed tight junction (TJ) proteins on the luminal side of the endothelium that ef- Int.”
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“, 2018), and RA (Lippmann et al., 2014; Qian et al., 2017; Mizee et al., 2013) signaling have been reported as important players in early phases of BBB development.”
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Self-citationβ-Catenin Is Required for Endothelial Cyp1b1 Regulation Influencing Metabolic Barrier Function
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“For example, the retinol metabolite retinoic acid (RA) as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids could be shown to support barrier integrity and function, respectively (Pifferi et al., 2007; Mizee et al., 2014).”
BackgroundP2X7 Receptors Mediate Innate Phagocytosis by Human Neural Precursor Cells and Neuroblasts
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“RA has been documented as a barrier inducer in hCMEC/D3 cell monolayers [30], yet the induction range was much more modest compared to IMR90-derived BMECs.”
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“Neither RA nor retinoid receptor agonists elevated occludin levels, contrasting with previous observations of RAmediated increases in occludin expression in hPSC-derived BMECs and hCMECs treated with RA [10, 14].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAngiopoietin like-4 as a novel vascular mediator in capillary cerebral amyloid angiopathy
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“The astrocyte-derived retinoic acid and vitamin A metabolites also have important effects on the BBB formation and vasculature development (30).”
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“This is a two-way interaction, as ECs can increase glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in radial glia in a VEGF- A-dependent manner, leading to astrocyte differentiation and NVU formation (da Silva et al., 2019 ).”
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Retracted
- Authors
- Mizee, M. R., Wooldrik, D., Lakeman, K. A. M., van het Hof, B., Drexhage, J. A. R., Geerts, D., Bugiani, M., Aronica, E., Mebius, R. E., Prat, A., de Vries, H. E., & Reijerkerk, A.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Hôpital Notre-Dame (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-01-23
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1660-1671
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6618717
- OpenAlex
- W1985474890
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 11.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Top Institute Pharma
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- retinoic acid, blood-brain barrier development, brain endothelial cells, retinoic acid receptor beta, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase, radial glia, neurovascular development, endothelial barrier function, fetal brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Fetus, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neuroglia, Tretinoin, Blotting, Western, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Endothelial Cells, Mice, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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