The Faces of Predictive Coding
Open accessAbstract
Recent neurophysiological accounts of predictive coding hypothesized that a mismatch of prediction and sensory evidence-a prediction error (PE)-should be signaled by increased gamma-band activity (GBA) in the cortical area where prediction and evidence are compared. This hypothesis contrasts with alternative accounts where violated predictions should lead to reduced neural responses. We tested these hypotheses by violating predictions about face orientation and illumination direction in a Mooney face-detection task, while recording magnetoencephalographic responses in a large sample of 48 human subjects. The investigated predictions, acquired via lifelong experience, are known to be processed at different time points and brain regions during face recognition.Behavioral responses confirmed the induction of PEs by our task. Beamformer source analysis revealed an early PE signal for unexpected orientation in visual brain areas followed by a PE signal for unexpected illumination in areas involved in 3D shape from shading and spatial working memory. Both PE signals were reflected by increases in high-frequency (68-140 Hz) GBA. In high-frequency GBA we also observed a late interaction effect in visual brain areas, probably corresponding to a high-level PE signal. In addition, increased high-frequency GBA for expected illumination was observed in brain areas involved in attention to internal representations. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that increased GBA signals PEs. Additionally, GBA may represent attentional effects.
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Oscillatory dynamics play a role in regulating cortical processing, especially the gamma (40 to 90 Hz) and alpha/beta (10 to 30 Hz) bands.
“But there is mounting evidence that oscillatory dynamics play a role in regulating cortical processing and thus can also play a role, especially the gamma (40 to 90 Hz) and alpha/beta (10 to 30 Hz) bands (1, 18–25).”
From Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
The Introduction links gamma-band activity to the propagation of prediction-error signals, and the high-gamma Results report effects in visual cortical areas. However, the paper uses different frequency ranges from those quoted and reports no significant effects in its beta, low-gamma, or mid-gamma ranges; it does not establish the claimed special role for alpha/beta activity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Breakdown of local information processing may underlie isoflurane anesthesia effects
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Self-citationInformation-Theoretic Evidence for Predictive Coding in the Face-Processing System
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Hierarchical predictive coding in distributed pain circuits
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Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routingPreprint
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Integrating predictive frameworks and cognitive models of face perception
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High-gamma oscillations as neurocorrelates of ADHD: A MEG crossover placebo-controlled study
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Oscillatory brain mechanisms of the hypnotically-induced out-of-body experience
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Endogenously generated gamma‐band oscillations in early visual cortex: A neurofeedback study
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Self-citationDiscrimination of facial identity based on simple contrast patterns generated by shading and shadows
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Which Rhythms Reflect Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing?
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Predictive coding: Neuroscience and art
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Tracking Emerges by Looking Around Static Scenes, with Neural 3D Mapping
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Framing Effects in Object Perception
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Predictive Coding: How Many Faces?
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“Immobile paradises promise us nothing”
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“Like water after days in the desert”
Elpidorou, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190912963.003.0005
“What do you think it’s like being dead?”
Elpidorou, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190912963.003.0003
“And you, what do you think of optimism?”
Elpidorou, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190912963.003.0009
“The secret to happiness may be unhappiness”
Elpidorou, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190912963.003.0001
AdaBoostNet: An Efficient Hierarchical Neural Network for Image Classification
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If You Torture the Data Long Enough
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TIER: Temporality as Iterative Expectation Revision
McKenna, C. A. (2025) · Studies in brain and mind · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89571-5_7
Ruiz‐Martínez, F. J., Rodríguez‐Martínez, E. I., Angulo-Ruíz, B. Y., Treviño, A. G., Muñoz-Pradas, R., & Gómez, C. M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662722
- Authors
- Brodski, A., Paasch, G.-F., Helbling, S., & Wibral, M.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-06-17
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 8997-9006
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6605164
- OpenAlex
- W1590203034
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 8.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- predictive coding, prediction error, gamma oscillations, face recognition (cognition), Mooney faces, face orientation, light direction, spatial working memory, attention, magnetoencephalography
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Magnetoencephalography, Gamma Rhythm
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