COUP-TFII is preferentially expressed in the caudal ganglionic eminence and is involved in the caudal migratory stream
Open accessAbstract
While the cortical interneurons derived from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) migrate rather diffusely into the cortex, interneurons that migrate out from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) mainly move caudally into the caudal cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in the form of the caudal migratory stream (CMS) (Yozu et al., 2005). Although transplantation experiments at embryonic day 13.5 had revealed that the migrating cells in these two populations are already intrinsically different in regard to their ability to respond to the CGE environment (Yozu et al., 2005), it is not known how the CGE cells are specified and how their migratory behavior is determined. In this study we showed that, although CGE and lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) express almost the same marker molecules, LGE cells do not migrate caudally when transplanted into the CGE, suggesting that LGE cells are intrinsically different from CGE cells. We therefore compared the transcriptomes of the CGE, MGE, and LGE, and the results showed that COUP-TFII was expressed preferentially in the CGE as well as in the migrating interneurons in the CMS. Transplantation experiments revealed that COUP-TFII is sufficient to change the direction of MGE cell migration to caudal when transplanted into the CGE environment, and knockdown of COUP-TFII inhibited the caudal migration of the CGE cells. These results suggest that COUP-TFII is both required and sufficient for the CGE-cell-specific migratory behavior in the caudal direction. Thus, a locally expressed transcription factor determines the migratory direction of the cortical interneurons in a region-specific manner.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The LGE and CGE share many molecular markers, but Nr2f2 expression gives CGE progenitors the ability to generate interneurons that migrate to the cerebral cortex.
“The LGE and CGE share many molecular markers, but the specific expression of transcription factors such as Nr2f2 bestow CGE progenitors with the ability to generate interneurons that migrate to the cerebral cortex”
From Development and Functional Diversification of Cortical Interneurons (2018) · cites this paper as Kanatani et al., 2008
Transcription factors such as Gsx2, CoupTF1/2, and SP8 are enriched within the CGE and have been implicated in the generation, migration, specification, and maturation of CGE-derived interneurons.
“a number of transcription factors such as Gsx2, CoupTF1/2, and SP8 are enriched within the CGE and have been implicated in the generation, migration, specification, and maturation of CGE-derived interneurons”
From Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons (2017) · cites this paper as [547]
MGE-derived interneurons can be induced to follow the caudal pathway when forced to overexpress COUPTF2.
“they can be induced to follow the caudal pathway when forced to overexpress COUPTF2, a transcription factor preferentially expressed in the CGE”
From Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons (2017) · cites this paper as [547]
The choice of migratory path appears to be an intrinsic property of cells dependent on their region of origin and ultimate destination, and governed by different transcription factors.
“The choice of migratory path appears to be an intrinsic property of cells dependent on their region of origin and ultimate destination, and governed by different transcription factors”
From Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons (2017) · cites this paper as [547]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector
Niwa, H., Yamamura, K., & Miyazaki, J. (1991) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90434-d · Cited by 5,135 · see citing works
The Transcriptional Landscape of the Mammalian Genome
Carninci, P., Kasukawa, T., Katayama, S., Gough, J., Frith, M. C., Maeda, N., Oyama, R., Ravasi, T., Lenhard, B., Wells, C. A., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1112014 · Cited by 3,492 · see citing works
The origin and specification of cortical interneurons
Wonders, C. P., & Anderson, S. A. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1954 · Cited by 980 · see citing works
3′ UTR seed matches, but not overall identity, are associated with RNAi off-targets
Birmingham, A., Anderson, E. M., Reynolds, A., Ilsley-Tyree, D., Leake, D., Fedorov, Y., Baskerville, S., Maksimova, E., Robinson, K., Karpilow, J., et al. (2006) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth854 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Sussel, L., Marin, O., Kimura, S., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (1999) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.126.15.3359 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Position-specific chemical modification of siRNAs reduces “off-target” transcript silencing
Jackson, A. L., Burchard, J., Leake, D., Reynolds, A., Schelter, J. M., Guo, J., Johnson, J. M., Lim, L. P., Karpilow, J. M., Nichols, K. E., et al. (2006) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.30706 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Lavdas, A. A., Grigoriou, M., Pachnis, V., & Parnavelas, J. G. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-18-07881.1999 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Wichterle, H., Turnbull, D. H., Nery, S., Fishell, G., & Alvarez-Buylla, A. (2001) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.128.19.3759 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Tabata, H., & Nakajima, K. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00016-1 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Self-citationSuppression of Notch signalling by the COUP-TFII transcription factor regulates vein identity
You, L., Lin, F., Lee, C. T., DeMayo, F. J., Tsai, M., & Tsai, S. Y. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03511 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Mash1regulates neurogenesis in the ventral telencephalon
Casarosa, S., Schuurmans, C. J., & Guillemot, F. (1999) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.126.3.525 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Origins of Cortical Interneuron Subtypes
Xu, Q., Cobos, I., De La Cruz, E., Rubenstein, J. L., & Anderson, S. A. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5667-03.2004 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
The temporal and spatial origins of cortical interneurons predict their physiological subtype
Butt, S. J. B., Fuccillo, M., Nery, S., Noctor, S., Kriegstein, A., Corbin, J. G., & Fishell, G. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.034 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Fate mapping Nkx2.1‐lineage cells in the mouse telencephalon
Xu, Q., Tam, M., & Anderson, S. A. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21529 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Flames, N., Pla, R., Gelman, D. M., Rubenstein, J. L. R., Puelles, L., & Marín, O. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2750-07.2007 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
The caudal ganglionic eminence is a source of distinct cortical and subcortical cell populations
Nery, S., Fishell, G., & Corbin, J. G. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn971 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Stenman, J. M., Toresson, H., & Campbell, K. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-01-00167.2003 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Fogarty, M., Grist, M., Gelman, D., Marín, O., Pachnis, V., & Kessaris, N. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1629-07.2007 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Liodis, P., Denaxa, M., Grigoriou, M., Akufo-Addo, C., Yanagawa, Y., & Pachnis, V. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3055-06.2007 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Grigoriou, M. E., Tucker, A. S., Sharpe, P. T., & Pachnis, V. (1998) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.125.11.2063 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Preferential Origin and Layer Destination of GAD65-GFP Cortical Interneurons
López‐Bendito, G. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh072 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
The Gsh2 homeodomain gene controls multiple aspects of telencephalic development
Corbin, J. G., Gaiano, N., Machold, R. P., Langston, A., & Fishell, G. (2000) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.127.23.5007 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Yozu, M., Tabata, H., & Nakajima, K. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2072-05.2005 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationAlifragis, P., Liapi, A., & Parnavelas, J. G. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1245-04.2004 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Corbin, J. G., Rutlin, M. L., Gaiano, N., & Fishell, G. (2003) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.00717 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Molecular mechanism of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor (COUP-TF) actions
Park, J., Tsai, S. Y., & Tsai, M. (2003) · The Keio Journal of Medicine · doi:10.2302/kjm.52.174 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The COUP-TF nuclear receptors regulate cell migration in the mammalian basal forebrain
Tripodi, M., Filosa, A., Armentano, M., & Studer, M. (2004) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.01530 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Laminar fate of cortical GABAergic interneurons is dependent on both birthdate and phenotype
Rymar, V. V., & Sadikot, A. F. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21250 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Targeted gene delivery to telencephalic inhibitory neurons by directional in utero electroporation
Borrell, V., Yoshimura, Y., & Callaway, E. M. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.09.027 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Tole, S., Remedios, R., Saha, B., & Stoykova, A. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3014-04.2005 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Wilson, M. T., & Snow, D. M. (2000) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20000828)424:3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Control of tangential/non-radial migration of neurons in the developing cerebral cortex
Nakajima, K. (2007) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2007.05.006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationYozu, M., Tabata, H., & Nakajima, K. (2004) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2004.05.005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationWilli-Monnerat, S., Migliavacca, E., Surdez, D., Delorenzi, M., Luthi‐Carter, R., & Terskikh, A. V. (2008) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2008.01.009 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Expression Profiles of Nuclear Receptors in the Developing and Adult Kidney
Suh, J. M., Yu, C., Tang, K., et al. (2006) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2006-0312 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
da Silva, S. L., Cox, J. J., Jonk, L. J. C., et al. (1995) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(94)00289-q · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tachikawa, K., Sasaki, S., Maeda, T., & Nakajima, K. (2007) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2007.10.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationAjioka, I., Maeda, T., & Nakajima, K. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04544.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationNagata, I., & Terashima, T. (1994) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0736-5748(94)90022-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons
Pelkey, K. A., Chittajallu, R., Craig, M. T., Tricoire, L., Wester, J. C., & McBain, C. J. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00007.2017 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Development and Functional Diversification of Cortical Interneurons
Lim, L., Mi, D., Llorca, A., & Marín, O. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.009 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
“The LGE and CGE share many molecular markers, but the specific expression of transcription factors such as Nr2f2 bestow CGE progenitors with the ability to generate interneurons that migrate to the cerebral cortex (Kanatani et al., 2008; Tripodi et al., 2004).”
Miyoshi, G., Hjerling-Leffler, J., Karayannis, T., Sousa, V. H., Butt, S. J. B., Battiste, J., Johnson, J. E., Machold, R. P., & Fishell, G. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4515-09.2010 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Characterization of Nkx6-2-Derived Neocortical Interneuron Lineages
Sousa, V. H., Miyoshi, G., Hjerling-Leffler, J., Karayannis, T., & Fishell, G. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp038 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Non-epithelial stem cells and cortical interneuron production in the human ganglionic eminences
Hansen, D. V., Lui, J. H., Flandin, P., Yoshikawa, K., Rubenstein, J. L., Alvarez-Buylla, A., & Kriegstein, A. R. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3541 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Subcortical origins of human and monkey neocortical interneurons
Ma, T., Wang, C., Wang, L., Zhou, X., Tian, M., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Liu, Z., Cai, Y., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3536 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
A Blueprint for the Spatiotemporal Origins of Mouse Hippocampal Interneuron Diversity
Tricoire, L., Pelkey, K. A., Erkkila, B. E., Jeffries, B. W., Yuan, X., & McBain, C. J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0323-11.2011 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
The Cell-Intrinsic Requirement of Sox6 for Cortical Interneuron Development
Batista-Brito, R., Rossignol, E., Hjerling-Leffler, J., Denaxa, M., Wegner, M., Lefebvre, V., Pachnis, V., & Fishell, G. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.005 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Xu, R., Brawner, A. T., Li, S., Liu, J.-J., Kim, H., Xue, H., Pang, Z. P., Kim, W.-Y., Hart, R. P., Liu, Y., et al. (2019) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2019.04.014 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Generation of interneuron diversity in the mouse cerebral cortex
Gelman, D. M., & Marín, O. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07267.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Reelin and neuropsychiatric disorders
Ishii, K., Kubo, K.-I., & Nakajima, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00229 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationCommon Origins of Hippocampal Ivy and Nitric Oxide Synthase Expressing Neurogliaform Cells
Tricoire, L., Pelkey, K. A., Daw, M. I., Sousa, V. H., Miyoshi, G., Jeffries, B., Cauli, B., Fishell, G., & McBain, C. J. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5123-09.2010 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Lhx6 directly regulates Arx and CXCR7 to determine cortical interneuron fate and laminar position
Vogt, D., Hunt, R. F., Mandal, S., Sandberg, M., Silberberg, S. N., Nagasawa, T., Yang, Z., Baraban, S. C., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.030 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Miyoshi, G., Young, A., Petros, T., Karayannis, T., McKenzie Chang, M., Lavado, A., Iwano, T., Nakajima, M., Taniguchi, H., Huang, Z. J., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1164-15.2015 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Vucurovic, K., Gallopin, T., Ferezou, I., Rancillac, A., Chameau, P., van Hooft, J. A., Geoffroy, H., Monyer, H., Rossier, J., & Vitalis, T. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp310 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Fuentealba, P., Klausberger, T., Karayannis, T., Suen, W. Y., Huck, J., Tomioka, R., Rockland, K., Capogna, M., Studer, M., Morales, M., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4199-09.2010 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Sonic hedgehog functions through dynamic changes in temporal competence in the developing forebrain
Sousa, V. H., & Fishell, G. (2010) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2010.04.008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Lodato, S., Tomassy, G. S., De Leonibus, E., Uzcategui, Y. G., Andolfi, G., Armentano, M., Touzot, A., Gaztelu, J. M., Arlotta, P., Menendez de la Prida, L., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6580-10.2011 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Genetic dissection of GABAergic neural circuits in mouse neocortex
Taniguchi, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Decision making during interneuron migration in the developing cerebral cortex
Guo, J., & Anton, E. S. (2014) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2013.12.001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Rubin, A. N., Alfonsi, F., Humphreys, M. P., Choi, C. K. P., Rocha, S. F., & Kessaris, N. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6178-09.2010 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Ma, T., Zhang, Q., Cai, Y., You, Y., Rubenstein, J. L. R., & Yang, Z. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr296 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Production and organization of neocortical interneurons
Sultan, K. T., Brown, K. N., & Shi, S.-H. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00221 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Revisiting enigmatic cortical calretinin-expressing interneurons
Cauli, B., Zhou, X., Tricoire, L., Toussay, X., & Staiger, J. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00052 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Spatio-temporal extension in site of origin for cortical calretinin neurons in primates
Hladnik, A., Džaja, D., Darmopil, S., Jovanov-MiloÅ¡ević, N., & Petanjek, Z. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00050 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Frazer, S., Prados, J., Niquille, M., Cadilhac, C., Markopoulos, F., Gomez, L., Tomasello, U., Telley, L., Holtmaat, A., Jabaudon, D., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14219 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Rubin, A. N., & Kessaris, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077339 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Conserved rules in embryonic development of cortical interneurons
Laclef, C., & Métin, C. (2018) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.017 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Touzot, A., Ruiz-Reig, N., Vitalis, T., & Studer, M. (2016) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.131102 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Neurogliaform cortical interneurons derive from cells in the preoptic area
Niquille, M., Limoni, G., Markopoulos, F., Cadilhac, C., Prados, J., Holtmaat, A., & Dayer, A. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.32017 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms control the termination of cortical interneuron migration
Inamura, N., Kimura, T., Tada, S., Kurahashi, T., Yanagida, M., Yanagawa, Y., Ikenaka, K., & Murakami, F. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3446-11.2012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Altered patterning of trisomy 21 interneuron progenitors
Giffin-Rao, Y., Sheng, J., Strand, B., Xu, K., Huang, L., Medo, M., Risgaard, K. A., Dantinne, S., Mohan, S., Keshan, A., et al. (2022) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.05.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kanatani, S., Yozu, M., Tabata, H., & Nakajima, K.
- Affiliations
- Keio University (JP)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-12-10
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 50
- Pages
- 13582-13591
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6671763
- OpenAlex
- W1996152748
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Novartis Foundation
- Sumitomo Foundation
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
- Tokyo Biochemical Research Foundation
- Brain Science Foundation
- Keio University
- Ichiro Kanehara Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Sciences and Medical Care
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Congenital heart defects research
- Keywords
- COUP-TFII, caudal ganglionic eminence, cortical interneuron migration, medial ganglionic eminence, lateral ganglionic eminence, transcription factors, transcriptome comparison, cell transplantation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Movement, Cerebral Cortex, Immunohistochemistry, Interneurons, Mice, Inbred ICR, Brain Tissue Transplantation, In Situ Hybridization, Body Patterning, Mice, COUP Transcription Factor II
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
