Chronic Nicotine Cell Specifically Upregulates Functional α4* Nicotinic Receptors: Basis for Both Tolerance in Midbrain and Enhanced Long-Term Potentiation in Perforant Path
Open accessAbstract
Understanding effects of chronic nicotine requires identifying the neurons and synapses whose responses to nicotine itself, and to endogenous acetylcholine, are altered by continued exposure to the drug. To address this problem, we developed mice whose α4 nicotinic receptor subunits are replaced by normally functioning fluorescently tagged subunits, providing quantitative studies of receptor regulation at micrometer resolution. Chronic nicotine increased α4 fluorescence in several regions; among these, midbrain and hippocampus were assessed functionally. Although the midbrain dopaminergic system dominates reward pathways, chronic nicotine does not change α4* receptor levels in dopaminergic neurons of ventral tegmental area (VTA) or substantia nigra pars compacta. Instead, upregulated, functional α4* receptors localize to the GABAergic neurons of the VTA and substantia nigra pars reticulata. In consequence, GABAergic neurons from chronically nicotine-treated mice have a higher basal firing rate and respond more strongly to nicotine; because of the resulting increased inhibition, dopaminergic neurons have lower basal firing and decreased response to nicotine. In hippocampus, chronic exposure to nicotine also increases α4* fluorescence on glutamatergic axons of the medial perforant path. In hippocampal slices from chronically treated animals, acute exposure to nicotine during tetanic stimuli enhances induction of long-term potentiation in the medial perforant path, showing that the upregulated α4* receptors in this pathway are also functional. The pattern of cell-specific upregulation of functional α4* receptors therefore provides a possible explanation for two effects of chronic nicotine: sensitization of synaptic transmission in forebrain and tolerance of dopaminergic neuron firing in midbrain.
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The augmentation of long-term potentiation by acute nicotine during tetanus in the medial perforant path is absent when chronic nicotine exposure is omitted, when acute exposure during the tetanus is omitted, or both.
“However, no such augmentation was observed when either the chronic nicotine exposure was omitted, or the acute exposure during the tetanus was omitted, or both (5).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
Cell-selective numerical upregulation of functional receptors in the medial perforant path provides a plausible explanation for sensitization of cognitive function in forebrain.
“This instance of cell selective (“Se”) numerical upregulation (“N”) of functional receptors provides a plausible explanation for another effect of chronic nicotine: sensitization of cognitive function in forebrain.”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
The upregulated presynaptic α4* receptors in the medial perforant path are functional.
“Thus, the upregulated presynaptic α4* receptors in this pathway are also functional.”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
Upregulation of high-sensitivity nAChRs is, at least partially, the basis for tolerance, locomotor sensitization, and cognitive sensitization caused by chronic nicotine administration.
“But increasing evidence suggests that upregulation of high-sensitivity nAChRs is, at least partially, the basis for several key biological results of chronic nicotine administration: tolerance, locomotor sensitization, and cognitive sensitization (5,10–12).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
Chronic nicotine increases both the baseline firing rate and the excitatory effect of nicotine in GABAergic VTA neurons, while decreasing baseline firing rate and attenuating the excitatory effect of nicotine in dopaminergic VTA neurons.
“As a result, chronic nicotine increases both the baseline firing rate and the excitatory effect of nicotine in GABAergic neurons, while decreasing baseline firing rate and attenuating the excitatory effect of nicotine in dopaminergic neurons (5) (C. Xiao and H. Lester, unpublished).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
In hippocampal slices from chronically treated animals, acute exposure to nicotine during tetanic stimuli lowers the threshold for induction of long-term potentiation in the medial perforant path.
“In hippocampal slices from chronically treated animals, acute exposure to nicotine during tetanic stimuli lowers the threshold for induction of long-term potentiation in the medial perforant path.”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
Chronic nicotine exposure cell-selectively upregulates receptor numbers in GABAergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), but not in the somata of dopaminergic neurons.
“Upregulation occurs in the GABAergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), but not in the somata of the dopaminergic neurons which are postsynaptic targets of, and inhibited by, the GABAergic neurons.”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
The sensitization of cognitive function by chronic nicotine probably does not require a circuit but arises from a change in presynaptic properties.
“This phenomenon probably does not require a circuit but arises from a change in presynaptic properties.”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
The nAChRs upregulated by chronic nicotine are probably active rather than desensitized.
“that the upregulated receptors are probably active rather than desensitized (4,5);”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
Increases in inhibition could provide an explanation for tolerance to the chronic effects of nicotine.
“and that increases in inhibition could provide an explanation for tolerance to the chronic effects of nicotine (5).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
Alterations in dopaminergic signaling due to chronic nicotine are due to receptor upregulation within GABAergic VTA neurons.
“These data suggest that alterations in dopaminergic signaling due to chronic nicotine are due to receptor upregulation within GABAergic VTA neurons,”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
Chronic exposure to nicotine increases α4* receptors on glutamatergic axons of the medial perforant path.
“Chronic exposure to nicotine increases α4* receptors on glutamatergic axons of the medial perforant path, which consists of projections from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus.”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
The extent of nAChR upregulation by chronic nicotine is region- and cell-selective.
“and that the extent of upregulation is region- and cell-selective (5) (major reasons for the initial “Se”).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
These effects on dopaminergic terminals extend and confirm other reports that chronic nicotine increases nicotine-induced dopamine release and upregulates receptors in striatum.
“These effects on dopaminergic terminals extend and confirm other reports that chronic nicotine increases nicotine-induced dopamine release (25,26) and upregulates receptors in striatum (5).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
This upregulation produces higher GABAergic SNr neuron firing rate, even in the absence of nicotine.
“This upregulation produces higher GABAergic SNr neuron firing rate, even in the absence of nicotine (5).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
SNc DA neurons from chronic nicotine-treated mice have a lower baseline firing rate and a lower incidence of burst firing.
“In consequence, SNc DA neurons from chronic nicotine-treated mice have a lower baseline firing rate and a lower incidence of burst firing.”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
Chronic exposure to nicotine produces new functional α4β2* receptors on all substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) GABAergic neurons, but not on their postsynaptic targets, the DA neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).
“Chronic exposure to nicotine produces new functional α4β2* receptors on all substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) GABAergic neurons, but not on their postsynaptic targets, the DA neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).”
From Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery (2009) · cites this paper as [5]
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Self-citationNicotine induces long-lasting potentiation in the dentate gyrus of nicotine-primed rats
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Cell autonomy, receptor autonomy, and thermodynamics in nicotine receptor up-regulation
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Self-citationRapid Activity-Driven SNARE-Dependent Trafficking of Nicotinic Receptors on Somatic Spines
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Chronic nicotine treatment increases GABAergic input to striatal neurons
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Chronic nicotine exposure affects the normal operation of hippocampal circuits
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FRET Measurements Using Multispectral Imaging
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Nashmi R, Lester H (2007) Cell autonomy, receptor autonomy, and ther- modynamics in nicotine receptor upregulation. Biochem Pharmacol, in press.
Cited by
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Nicotine binding to brain receptors requires a strong cation–π interaction
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Modulation of Hippocampus-Dependent Learning and Synaptic Plasticity by Nicotine
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Self-citationRoles of Accessory Subunits in α4β2* Nicotinic Receptors
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Nashmi, R., Xiao, C., Deshpande, P., McKinney, S., Grady, S. R., Whiteaker, P., Huang, Q., McClure-Begley, T., Lindstrom, J. M., Labarca, C., Collins, A. C., Marks, M. J., & Lester, H. A.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lester, Henry A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 8202-8218
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6673074
- OpenAlex
- W2082275787
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 7.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- California Institute of Technology
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health (NS-1 1756)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-19375, U19DA019375, R21DA019655, DA-19655, DA17279, R01DA017279, P30DA015663, DA-3194, DA15663, R01DA003194, DA09121, R01DA009121)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS11323, NS 11756, R01NS011323, R01NS011756)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- chronic nicotine, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, receptor up-regulation, nicotine tolerance, long-term potentiation, perforant path, midbrain dopaminergic neurons, GABAergic neurons, substantia nigra pars reticulata, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, neuronal firing rate
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Tolerance, Mesencephalon, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nicotine, Receptors, Nicotinic, Up-Regulation, Long-Term Potentiation, Mice, Knockout, Perforant Pathway, Mice
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