Glutamate triggers rapid glucose transport stimulation in astrocytes as evidenced by real-time confocal microscopy.
Open accessAbstract
Glutamate stimulates glycolysis in astrocytes, a phenomenon that couples astrocytic metabolism with neuronal activity. However, it is not known whether glutamate also affects glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), the transporter responsible for glucose entry into astrocytes. To address this question, two different real-time single-cell hexose uptake assays were applied to cultured hippocampal astrocytes using confocal epifluorescence microscopy. Glutamate caused a twofold to threefold increase in the zero-trans uptake rates of the fluorescent hexoses 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) and 6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-6-deoxyglucose (6-NBDG). Galactose uptake, determined by the calcein volumetric assay, was stimulated to a similar extent, confirming the fluorescent hexose data, and also demonstrating that glutamate stimulation is a Vmax effect. Remarkably, glucose transport stimulation developed fully inside 10 sec, which is 100 times faster than acute stimulations of glucose transport in other cell types. Glutamate did not significantly affect the rate of 6-NBDG uptake by GLUT1-expressing epithelial Clone 9 cells, suggesting that an astrocyte-specific factor is required for transport stimulation. We conclude that glucose transport stimulation occurs early during astrocytic activation by glutamate, which provides a novel regulatory node to current models of brain energy metabolism. This mechanism should also be considered for the interpretation of functional imaging data based on hexoses.
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Total glucose use by neurons and astrocytes together is coupled directly to glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission, which accounts for 80-90% of total glucose use in the cerebral cortex.
“As a consequence, the total glucose use by neurons and astrocytes together is coupled directly to glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission [32], [34], [36], which accounts for 80–90% of total glucose use in the cerebral cortex [32].”
From Scaling of Brain Metabolism with a Fixed Energy Budget per Neuron: Implications for Neuronal Activity, Plasticity and Evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [36]
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Nasser, Y., Fernández, E., Keenan, C. M., Ho, W., Oland, L. D., Tibbles, L. A., Schemann, M., MacNaughton, W. K., Rühl, A., & Sharkey, K. A. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00067.2006 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“N13195], a glucose analog that has recently been used to study glucose uptake and metabolism in astrocytes and neurons (26, 35).”
BackgroundGlutamate mediates acute glucose transport inhibition in hippocampal neurons
Porras, O. H., Loaiza, A., & Barros, L. F. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1882-04.2004 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“, 2001) and stimulated glucose transport (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEnergy Dynamics in the Brain: Contributions of Astrocytes to Metabolism and pH Homeostasis
Deitmer, J. W., Theparambil, S. M., Ruminot, I., Noor, S. I., & Becker, H. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01301 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“…neuronal activity and homeostasis of the CNS. MCT-mediated transport of β-hydroxybutyrate, for instance, which was attributed anti-epileptic effects (Lutas and Yellen, 2013) was shown to modulate neuronal excitability both under normal and ketogenic conditions (Valdebenito et al., 2016;…”
BackgroundHow Astrocytes Feed Hungry Neurons
Pellerin, L. (2005) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1385/mn:32:1:059 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“During activation, this ratio might even increase in favor of astrocytes, as suggested by in vitro experiments measuring glucose uptake after glutamate exposure in both cell types (21,32) as well as in the aforementioned experiments in glial glutamate transporter knockout mice (29,30).”
BackgroundUnraveling the complex metabolic nature of astrocytes
Bouzier-Sore, A.-K., & Pellerin, L. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00179 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Gap junctions mediate intercellular spread of sodium between hippocampal astrocytes in situ
Langer, J., Stephan, J., Theis, M., & Rose, C. R. (2011) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21259 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“In accordance with this, it has been shown that the stimulation of GLUT-1-mediated glucose uptake by glutamate requires the concurrence of both sodium and calcium signals in astrocytes (Loaiza et al., 2003; Porras et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAstrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Crosstalk in Neurodegeneration: A Mitochondrial Perspective
Mulica, P., Grünewald, A., & Pereira, S. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.668517 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“As discussed in the previous sections, neuronal activity marked by glutamate release can elicit metabolic changes in astrocytes as evidenced by considerably higher glucose uptake (103).”
BackgroundA quantitative overview of glucose dynamics in the gliovascular unit
Barros, L. F., Bittner, C. X., Loaiza, A., & Porras, O. H. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20375 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Astrocytes were found to respond to glutamate with a rapid 2- to 3-fold stimulation of GLUT1 (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCross-talk between energy and redox metabolism in astrocyte-neuron functional cooperation
Almeida, Á., Jiménez-Blasco, D., & Bolaños, J. P. (2023) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20220075 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bauer, D., Jackson, J. G., Genda, E. N., Montoya, M. M., Yudkoff, M., & Robinson, M. B. (2012) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.013 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“, 2011; Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994) and glucose transport (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
BackgroundRose, C. R., & Karus, C. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22492 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“In concurrence with calcium waves, sodium signals may stimulate glucose uptake from the blood by enhancing the activity of GLUT1 at astrocyte endfeet (Barros and Deitmer, 2010; Loaiza et al., 2003; Porras et al., 2008).”
BackgroundGlucose metabolism and proliferation in glia: role of astrocytic gap junctions
Tabernero, A., Medina, J. M., & Giaume, C. (2006) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04088.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“For instance, it is well known that the glutamate released by neurons increases glucose uptake in astrocytes (Pellerin and Magistretti 1994; Pellerin and Magistretti 1997; Meeks and Mennerick 2003), although the mechanism proposed is activation of the transporter rather than its translocation (Loaiza et al. 2003).”
BackgroundThe glial perspective of autism spectrum disorders
Zeidán‐Chuliá, F., Salmina, A. B., Malinovskaya, N. A., Noda, M., Verkhratsky, A., & Moreira, J. C. F. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.008 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“glucose utilization and lactate production) in astrocytes (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994) and increases activity of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
Nehlig, A., Wittendorp-Rechenmann, E., & Dao Lam, C. (2004) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000128533.84196.d8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“This phenomenon occurs over the range of a few seconds, which represents the fastest stimulation of mammalian glucose transport yet known (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
BackgroundNeurons rely on glucose rather than astrocytic lactate during stimulation
Díaz‐García, C. M., & Yellen, G. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24374 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Sotero, R. C., & Trujillo‐Barreto, N. J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.027 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Jakoby, P., Schmidt, E. M., Ruminot, I., Gutierrez, R., Barros, L. F., & Deitmer, J. W. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs309 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“2008), and can be inhibited up to 80% by the exofacial GLUT inhibitor 4,6-ethylidine-D-glucose or by neuronal activation (Loaiza et al. 2003; Porras et al. 2004; Barros, Bittner et al. 2009).”
InfluentialDefects in Bioenergetic Coupling in Schizophrenia
Sullivan, C. R., O'Donovan, S. M., McCullumsmith, R. E., & Ramsey, A. J. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.014 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
GSEA of mouse and human mitochondriomes reveals fatty acid oxidation in astrocytes
Eraso‐Pichot, A., Brasó‐Vives, M., Golbano, A., Menacho, C., Claro, E., Galea, E., & Masgrau, R. (2018) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23330 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
On the potential role of glutamate transport in mental fatigue.
Rönnbäck, L., & Hansson, E. (2004) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-1-22 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Arce‐Molina, R., Cortés‐Molina, F., Sandoval, P. Y., Galaz, A., Alegría, K., Schirmeier, S., Barros, L. F., & Martín, A. S. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.53917 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Ion changes and signalling in perisynaptic glia
Deitmer, J. W., & Rose, C. R. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.10.006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…transporter GLUT1, responsible for glucose uptake into astrocytes, requires the concurrence of both sodium and calcium signals in astrocytes (Loaiza et al., 2003; Porras et al., 2008), suggesting an interaction between these two ions and glucose utilization (see chapter by Barros and…”
BackgroundBehavioral and neurochemical effects of proline
Wyse, Â. T. D. S., & Netto, C. A. (2011) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-011-9246-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Such sodium elevations stimulate Na,K-ATPase and cause increased ATP consumption and glucose uptake by astrocytes (Chatton et al. 2000; Loaiza et al. 2003; Pellerin and Magistretti 1994; Porras et al. 2008).”
BackgroundKhatri, N., & Man, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00199 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Processes of astrocytes grow in the close proximity to neurons, often wrapping the synaptic cleft, as evidenced by a concentration of the astrocytic glucose transporter GLUT1 around synapses, where glutamate released during synaptic transmission is sensed by the glia and stimulate glial glucose uptake (39, 40).”
BackgroundKreft, M., Bak, L. K., Waagepetersen, H. S., & Schousboe, A. (2012) · ASN Neuro · doi:10.1042/an20120007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“The rate of glucose flux through GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1), the major GLUT in astrocytes (Loaiza et al., 2003), is thus in balance with the rate of utilization by hexokinase activity.”
BackgroundInfluentialPellerin, L. (2010) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(10)70469-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
NH4+ triggers the release of astrocytic lactate via mitochondrial pyruvate shunting
Lerchundi, R., Fernández‐Moncada, I., Contreras‐Baeza, Y., Sotelo-Hitschfeld, T., Mächler, P., Wyss, M. T., Stobart, J. L., Baeza‐Lehnert, F., Alegría, K., Weber, B., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1508259112 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“In the short term (seconds), glutamate stimulates the glucose transporter GLUT1 via Na and Ca transients mediated by the Na-glutamate cotransporter (44, 45).”
BackgroundStructural Basis of GLUT1 Inhibition by Cytoplasmic ATP
Blodgett, D. M., Zutter, J. K. D., Levine, K. B., Karim, P., & Carruthers, A. (2007) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.200709818 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Zhong, N., Ramaswamy, G., & Weisgraber, K. H. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.014464 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Kim, W. H., Lee, J., Jung, D., & Williams, D. R. (2012) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s120405005 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In addition, 6-NBDG has been used to measure glial cell glucose transport in real-time using confocal microscopy cells [29].”
MethodBarros, L. F., Courjaret, R. J., Jakoby, P., Loaiza, A., Lohr, C., & Deitmer, J. W. (2008) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20820 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In recent years, the transport and metabolism of glucose by cells cultured from the brain and other tissues have been studied using fluorescent glucose analogs, which allow to resolve the contribution of individual cells (Loaiza et al., 2003; Porras et al., 2004, 2008; Yamada et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationGenç, S., Kurnaz, I. A., & Özilgen, M. (2011) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/1752-0509-5-162 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“As a matter of fact, it was shown that glutamate can stimulate glycolysis in astrocytes, by stimulating GLUT1 activity [20].”
BackgroundVindogentianine, a hypoglycemic alkaloid from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae)
Tiong, S. H., Looi, C. Y., Arya, A., Wong, W. F., Hazni, H., Mustafa, M. R., & Awang, K. (2015) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2015.01.019 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“) [37].”
Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive Review of Biomechanics and Molecular Pathophysiology
Orr, T. J., Lesha, E., Kramer, A. H., Cecia, A. F., Dugan, J. E., Schwartz, B., & Einhaus, S. L. (2024) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.084 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Na+‐Ca2+ cosignaling in the stimulation of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in cultured astrocytes
Porras, O. H., Ruminot, I., Loaiza, A., & Barros, L. F. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20589 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“VC 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. glial cells were prepared from 1–3 day-old neonatal as in Loaiza et al. (2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBrain energetics (thought needs food)
Pellerin, L. (2008) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328312c368 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing
Choeiri, C., Staines, W. A., Miki, T., Seino, S., & Messier, C. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.011 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sánchez‐Alvarez, R., Tabernero, A., & Medina, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2004.02398.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Glutamate also triggers a rapid increase in glucose uptake in astrocytes (Loaiza et al. 2003), although the mechanism proposed is the activation of the transporter rather than its translocation.”
Kinetic validation of 6‐NBDG as a probe for the glucose transporter GLUT1 in astrocytes
Barros, L. F., Bittner, C. X., Loaiza, A., Ruminot, I., Larenas, V., Moldenhauer, H. J., Oyarzún, C., & Alvarez, M. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05885.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…the glucose transporter has also been studied by confocal microscopy, first by following volume changes induced by sugar movements in and out of calcein-loaded cells (Barros 1999; Loaiza et al. 2003) and then by direct measurement of hexose movement using fluorescent hexoses (Loaiza et al. 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSodium signaling and astrocyte energy metabolism
Chatton, J., Magistretti, P. J., & Barros, L. F. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22971 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The first metabolic control point beyond the bloodbrain barrier is the astrocytic glucose transporter GLUT-1, which is activated by glutamate via the Na(1)/glutamate transporter (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMamczur, P., Borsuk, B., Paszko, J., Sas, Z., Mozrzymas, J., Wiśniewski, J. R., Gizak, A., & Rakus, D. (2015) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22753 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“In contrast, glutamate released from synaptically active neu- rons stimulates glucose consumption and lactate release from astrocytes (Loaiza et al., 2003; Pellerin and Magistretti, View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.”
BackgroundFluorometric Determination of Glucose Utilization in Neurons <i>in Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i>
Itoh, Y., Abe, T., Takaoka, R., & Tanahashi, N. (2004) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000127661.07591.de · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…transport in vascular smooth muscle cells (Lloyd et al., 1999), Escherichia coli (Natarajan and Srienc, 2000; Yoshioka et al., 1996b), astrocytes (Loaiza et al., 2003), cardiomyocytes (Ball et al., 2002), enterocytes Address correspondence to Yoshiaki Itoh, Department of Neurology, Keio…”
BackgroundAerobic Glycolysis in the Brain: Warburg and Crabtree Contra Pasteur
Barros, L. F., Ruminot, I., Martín, A. S., Lerchundi, R., Fernández‐Moncada, I., & Baeza‐Lehnert, F. (2020) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-020-02964-w · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The insulin‐like growth factor I receptor regulates glucose transport by astrocytes
Hernández-Garzón, E., Fernandez, A. M., Pérez‐Alvarez, A., Genı́s, L., Bascuñana, P., de la Rosa, R. F., Delgado, M., Pozo, M. A., Moreno, E., McCormick, P. J., et al. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23035 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“While diverse mechanisms have been invoked to explain the ample spectrum of beneficial actions of reduced IGF-IR activity (Gazit et al. 2016; Kenyon 2010; Lopez-Otin et al. 2013; Vilchez et al. 2014), it is possible that IGF-IR targets additional mechanisms of wide functional impact such as energy balance, as insulin-…”
BackgroundRuminot, I., Schmälzle, J., Leyton, B., Barros, L. F., & Deitmer, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17737012 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Why glucose transport in the brain matters for PET
Barros, L. F., Porras, O. H., & Bittner, C. X. (2005) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ribeiro, C. A. J., Sgaravatti, Â. M., Rosa, R. B., Schuck, P. F., Grando, V., Schmidt, A. L., Ferreira, G. C., Perry, M. L. S., Dutra‐Filho, C. S., & Wajner, M. (2007) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9423-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Since glutamate stimulates cerebral glucose utilization [ 38 , 39] and the nitrogen of the BCAA is used to form glutamate by”
BackgroundFunctional magnetic resonance imaging
Buchbinder, B. R. (2016) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53485-9.00004-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Measurement of lactate levels in postmortem brain, iPSCs, and animal models of schizophrenia
Sullivan, C. R., Mielnik, C. A., Funk, A., O'Donovan, S. M., Bentea, E., Pletnikov, M. V., Ramsey, A. J., Wen, Z., Rowland, L. M., & McCullumsmith, R. E. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41572-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Pugliese, M., Carrasco, J. L., Andrade, C., Mas, E., Mascort, J., & Mahy, N. (2005) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.01.017 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Astrocyte sodium signaling and neuro-metabolic coupling in the brain
Rose, C. R., & Chatton, J. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.002 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Connexins protect mouse pancreatic β cells against apoptosis
Klee, P., Allagnat, F., Pontes, H., Cederroth, M., Charollais, A., Caille, D., Britan, A., Haefliger, J., & Meda, P. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci40509 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“To investigate such a difference, we assessed whether increased levels of Cx36 abolished the expression and function of the GLUT-2 transporter, preventing the uptake of both STZ and AX (11, 17, 18), in islets of RIP-Cx36 mice.”
BackgroundLanger, J., Gerkau, N. J., Derouiche, A., Kleinhans, C., Moshrefi-Ravasdjani, B., Fredrich, M., Kafitz, K. W., Seifert, G., Steinhäuser, C., & Rose, C. R. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23092 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Arya, A., Looi, C. Y., Cheah, S., Mustafa, M. R., & Mohd, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.014 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The uptake of the fluorescent hexose 2-NBDG, a glucose analog, was assayed as described by Loaiza et al. (2003) with modifications.”
MethodFunctional Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle in a Human Stem Cell-Derived Neuronal Network
Tarczyluk, M. A., Nagel, D. A., O’Neil, J. D., Parri, H. R., Tse, E. H. Y., Coleman, M. D., & Hill, E. J. (2013) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2013.81 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“A cultures was investigated using methods described by.(27) Briefly, before measurement, culture medium was removed and the cells were washed with Krebs’–Ringer HEPES (KRH) buffer supplemented with 5mM glucose.”
Method
- Authors
- Loaiza, A., Porras, O. H., & Barros, L. F.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CL)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2003-08-13
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 7337-7342
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6740433
- OpenAlex
- W2119476349
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tinker Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- glutamate, glucose transport, GLUT1, astrocytes, astrocyte-neuron interaction, glycolysis, hippocampal astrocytes, 2-NBDG, galactose uptake, brain energy metabolism, astrocyte activation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Biological Transport, Deoxyglucose, Fluorescent Dyes, Glucosamine, Glucose, Hippocampus, Kinetics, 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, Neurons, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Microscopy, Confocal, Glutamic Acid, Coculture Techniques, Rats
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