Prelude to and resolution of an error: EEG phase synchrony reveals cognitive control dynamics during action monitoring
Open accessAbstract
Error-related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to work in conjunction with lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) as a part of an action-monitoring network, where errors signal the need for increased cognitive control. The neural mechanism by which this mPFC–lPFC interaction occurs remains unknown. We hypothesized that transient synchronous oscillations in the theta range reflect a mechanism by which these structures interact. To test this hypothesis, we extracted oscillatory phase and power from current–source–density-transformed electroencephalographic data recorded during a Flanker task. Theta power in the mPFC was diminished on the trial preceding an error and increased immediately after an error, consistent with predictions of an action-monitoring system. These power dynamics appeared to take place over a response-related background of oscillatory theta phase coherence. Theta phase synchronization between FCz (mPFC) and F5/6 (lPFC) sites was robustly increased during error trials. The degree of mPFC–lPFC oscillatory synchronization predicted the degree of mPFC power on error trials, and both of these dynamics predicted the degree of posterror reaction time slowing. Oscillatory dynamics in the theta band may in part underlie a mechanism of communication between networks involved in action monitoring and cognitive control.
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Increased theta activity in OCD may have a dual meaning: enhanced theta may indicate excessive performance monitoring, heightened sensitivity to errors, or over-recruitment of control mechanisms; but theta enhancement does not necessarily indicate cognitive failure, because frontal theta can increase when control is successfully and rapidly engaged.
“This framework helps explain why increased theta activity in OCD may have a dual meaning. On the one hand, enhanced theta may indicate excessive performance monitoring, heightened sensitivity to errors, or over-recruitment of control mechanisms. On the other hand, theta enhancement does not necessarily indicate cognitive failure, because frontal theta can increase when control is successfully and”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [213]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn non-clinical EEG research, mid-frontal theta has repeatedly been linked to conflict detection, error monitoring, action regulation, uncertainty, and the recruitment of control processes.
“In non-clinical EEG research, mid-frontal theta has repeatedly been linked to conflict detection, error monitoring, action regulation, uncertainty, and the recruitment of control processes [120,212,213,214,215,216].”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [213]
The Discussion section, “Oscillatory Dynamics of the Medial Prefrontal Action Monitoring System” (page unavailable), links theta oscillations to conflict and error detection, action monitoring, and cognitive control; the Discussion also reports that theta measures predicted post-error behavioral adjustment. The cited paper does not link mid-frontal theta to uncertainty, so that part of the attributed list is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen theta enhancement was error-specific, it likely reflected exaggerated performance monitoring after mistakes, consistent with the general role of theta in action monitoring and post-error control.
“When theta enhancement was error-specific, it likely reflected exaggerated performance monitoring after mistakes, consistent with the general role of theta in action monitoring and post-error control [212,213,217].”
Frontal theta abnormalities suggest heightened monitoring and altered recruitment of cognitive control systems.
“Frontal theta abnormalities suggest heightened monitoring and altered recruitment of cognitive control systems [120,212,213].”
Errors of commission are associated with increased theta power at electrodes over mediofrontal cortex.
“errors of commission are also associated with increased theta power at electrodes over mediofrontal cortex (Buzzell et al., 2019; Cavanagh et al., 2009)”
From Adolescent cognitive control and mediofrontal theta oscillations are disrupted by neglect: Associations with transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology in a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Cavanagh et al., 2009
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Chmiel, J., & Kładna, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15155994
- Authors
- Cavanagh, J. F., Cohen, M. X., & Allen, J. J. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cavanagh, James F.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009-01-07
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-105
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2742325
- OpenAlex
- W2108456626
- Cited by
- 669
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 15.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066902, F31MH082560)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- action monitoring, cognitive control, medial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, theta oscillations, phase synchronization, current source density, flanker task
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Biological Clocks, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Theta Rhythm, Time Factors, Prefrontal Cortex, Nonlinear Dynamics, Young Adult
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