Adolescent cognitive control, theta oscillations, and social observation
Open accessAbstract
Theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) provide an organizing principle of cognitive control, allowing goal-directed behavior. In adults, theta power over medial-frontal cortex (MFC) underlies conflict/error monitoring, whereas theta connectivity between MFC and lateral-frontal regions reflects cognitive control recruitment. However, prior work has not separated theta responses that occur before and immediately after a motor response, nor explained how medial-lateral connectivity drives different kinds of control behaviors. Theta's role during adolescence, a developmental window characterized by a motivation-control mismatch also remains unclear. As social observation is known to influence motivation, this might be a particularly important context for studying adolescent theta dynamics. Here, adolescents performed a flanker task alone or under social observation. Focusing first on the nonsocial context, we parsed cognitive control into dissociable subprocesses, illustrating how theta indexes distinct components of cognitive control working together dynamically to produce goal-directed behavior. We separated theta power immediately before/after motor responses, identifying behavioral links to conflict monitoring and error monitoring, respectively. MFC connectivity was separated before/after responses and behaviorally-linked to reactive and proactive control, respectively. Finally, distinct forms of post-error control were dissociated, based on connectivity with rostral/caudal frontal cortex. Social observation was found to exclusively upregulate theta measures indexing post-response error monitoring and proactive control, as opposed to conflict monitoring and reactive control. Linking adolescent cognitive control to theta oscillations provides a bridge between non-invasive recordings in humans and mechanistic studies of neural oscillations in animal models; links to social observation provide insight into the motivation-control interactions that occur during adolescence.
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Mid-frontal oscillatory activity in the theta band (4-8 Hz) is thought to be a mechanism by which populations of neurons compute and coordinate top-down control across broad brain networks.
“Mid-frontal oscillatory activity in the theta band (4 -8 Hz) is thought to be a mechanism by which populations of neurons compute and coordinate top-down control across broad brain networks (Beatty et al., 2020; Buzzell et al., 2019, 2020; Cavanagh & Frank, 2014; Shner-Livne et al., 2024; Valadez & Simons, 2018).”
From Foster care intervention protects cognitive control skills in young adults exposed to institutional rearing (2026) · cites this paper as Buzzell et al., 2019
Errors of commission are associated with increased theta power at electrodes over mediofrontal cortex.
“errors of commission are also associated with increased theta power at electrodes over mediofrontal cortex (Buzzell et al., 2019; Cavanagh et al., 2009)”
From Adolescent cognitive control and mediofrontal theta oscillations are disrupted by neglect: Associations with transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology in a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Buzzell et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Buzzell, G. A., Barker, T. V., Troller-Renfree, S. V., Bernat, E. M., Bowers, M. E., Morales, S., Bowman, L. C., Henderson, H. A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Buzzell, George A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 198
- Pages
- 13-30
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7715006
- OpenAlex
- W2953137125
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH093349, U01MH093349-S)
- NAF (P01HD064653)
- National Science Foundation (DGE1322106)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1F32HD097921)
- NIMH-Intramural Research Program (ZIAMH-002782)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- cognitive control, theta oscillations, adolescents, social observation, medial frontal cortex, conflict monitoring, error monitoring, proactive control, reactive control, flanker task
- MeSH terms
- Peer Influence, Adolescent, Brain, Child, Cognition, Conflict, Psychological, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Theta Rhythm, Executive Function
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