Mechanisms IN endocrinology: metabolic syndrome through the female life cycle
Open accessAbstract
The normal function of the female reproductive system is closely linked to energy homeostasis with the ultimate scope of fertility and human race perpetuation through the centuries. During a woman's lifetime there are normal events such as puberty, pregnancy and menopause which are related to alterations in energy homeostasis and gonadal steroids levels followed by increase of body fat and insulin resistance, important components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Pathological conditions such as premature adrenarche, polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes also present with shifts in gonadal steroid levels and reduced insulin sensitivity. The aim of this review is to discuss these conditions, both normal and pathological, analyzing the changes or abnormalities in ovarian function that coexist with metabolic abnormalities which resemble MetS in relationship with environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors.
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IR, high androgen levels, and dyslipidemia have been found even in non-obese members of PCOS patients' families.
“IR, high androgen levels, and dyslipidemia have been found even in non-obese members of patients' families [36].”
From PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
PCOS is usually more commonly found in obese women.
“PCOS is usually more commonly found in obese women [36].”
From PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
There is solid evidence that genetic factors are part of PCOS etiology since there is a high prevalence of the syndrome in members of the same family.
“there is solid evidence that genetic factors are part of PCOS's etiology since there is a high prevalence of this syndrome in members of the same family.”
From PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype
Barrea, L., Frias-Toral, E., Verde, L., Ceriani, F., Cucalón, G., Garcia-Velasquez, E., Moretti, D., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & Muscogiuri, G. (2021) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2021.100123 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationPARTEN, A. L., SMITH-RYAN, A. E., SANCHEZ, K. M., HEARD, S. A., O’NEAL, E. K., MCALLISTER, M. J., LYONS, T. S., & WALDMAN, H. S. (2026) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000004022
- Authors
- Vryonidou, A., Paschou, S. A., Muscogiuri, G., Orio, F., & Goulis, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Parthenope University of Naples (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Vryonidou, Andromachi
- Venue
- European Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 173
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- R153-R163
- ISSN
- 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-683X
- OpenAlex
- W2178883737
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (Parthenope University of Naples) (submittedVersion)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, female reproductive cycle, energy homeostasis, insulin resistance, sex steroids, puberty, pregnancy, menopause, premature adrenarche, polycystic ovary syndrome, gestational diabetes mellitus, ovarian function, epigenetic factors
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Menopause, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Pregnancy, Puberty, Puberty, Precocious, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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