Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on appetite and body weight: focus on the CNS
Open accessAbstract
The delivery of nutrients to the gastrointestinal tract after food ingestion activates the secretion of several gut-derived mediators, including the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), such as exenatide and liraglutide, are currently employed successfully in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1RA improve glycaemic control and stimulate satiety, leading to reductions in food intake and body weight. Besides gastric distension and peripheral vagal nerve activation, GLP-1RA induce satiety by influencing brain regions involved in the regulation of feeding, and several routes of action have been proposed. This review summarises the evidence for a physiological role of GLP-1 in the central regulation of feeding behaviour and the different routes of action involved. Also, we provide an overview of presently available data on pharmacological stimulation of GLP-1 pathways leading to alterations in CNS activity, reductions in food intake and weight loss.
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GLP-1 delays gastric emptying, but this effect appears to be transient.
“GLP-1 delays gastric emptying.However, this effect seems to be transient (Fig. 3) (van Bloemendaal et al, 2014;Kokkorakis et al, 2023a).”
From Emerging pharmacotherapies for obesity: A systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as van Bloemendaal et al, 2014
Doxazosin increases heart rate by ~25% and is associated with an increase in heart failure incidence compared with chlorthalidone.
“The α-blocking agent doxazosin increases heart rate by ~25% (99), and is associated with an increase in heart failure incidence (compared with the diuretic agent chlorthalidone)”
From Safety of Semaglutide (2021) · cites this paper as [99]
The cited paper’s section on GLP-1 receptor agonists and body weight discusses weight changes, not doxazosin. Searches for doxazosin, a 25% heart-rate increase, chlorthalidone, and comparative heart-failure incidence found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Lu, Z., Yeung, C.-K., Lin, G., Yew, D. T. W., Andrews, P. L. R., & Rudd, J. A. (2017) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2017.04.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- van Bloemendaal, L., ten Kulve, J. S., la Fleur, S. E., Ijzerman, R. G., & Diamant, M.
- Affiliations
- Diabetes CentreVU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands1Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- ORCID
- Ijzerman, R G
- Venue
- Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Bioscientifica
- Published
- 2013-12-09
- Volume
- 221
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- T1-T16
- ISSN
- 0022-0795 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-6805
- OpenAlex
- W2017810555
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1 receptor agonists, appetite, satiety, central regulation of feeding, body weight, type 2 diabetes, exenatide, liraglutide, dietary intake, vagal afferents, gastric distension, gut-brain axis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Appetite, Body Weight, Central Nervous System, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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