Cited by 312Regulation of Appetite and ObesityDiabetes Treatment and ManagementNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on appetite and body weight: focus on the CNS

Open access
van Bloemendaal, L, ten Kulve, J S, la Fleur, S E, Ijzerman, R G, Diamant, M·2014·Journal of Endocrinology

Abstract

The delivery of nutrients to the gastrointestinal tract after food ingestion activates the secretion of several gut-derived mediators, including the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), such as exenatide and liraglutide, are currently employed successfully in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1RA improve glycaemic control and stimulate satiety, leading to reductions in food intake and body weight. Besides gastric distension and peripheral vagal nerve activation, GLP-1RA induce satiety by influencing brain regions involved in the regulation of feeding, and several routes of action have been proposed. This review summarises the evidence for a physiological role of GLP-1 in the central regulation of feeding behaviour and the different routes of action involved. Also, we provide an overview of presently available data on pharmacological stimulation of GLP-1 pathways leading to alterations in CNS activity, reductions in food intake and weight loss.

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  • GLP-1 delays gastric emptying, but this effect appears to be transient.

    “GLP-1 delays gastric emptying.However, this effect seems to be transient (Fig. 3) (van Bloemendaal et al, 2014;Kokkorakis et al, 2023a).”

    From Emerging pharmacotherapies for obesity: A systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as van Bloemendaal et al, 2014

  • Doxazosin increases heart rate by ~25% and is associated with an increase in heart failure incidence compared with chlorthalidone.

    “The α-blocking agent doxazosin increases heart rate by ~25% (99), and is associated with an increase in heart failure incidence (compared with the diuretic agent chlorthalidone)”

    From Safety of Semaglutide (2021) · cites this paper as [99]

    The cited paper’s section on GLP-1 receptor agonists and body weight discusses weight changes, not doxazosin. Searches for doxazosin, a 25% heart-rate increase, chlorthalidone, and comparative heart-failure incidence found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Authors
van Bloemendaal, L., ten Kulve, J. S., la Fleur, S. E., Ijzerman, R. G., & Diamant, M.
Affiliations
  • Diabetes CentreVU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands1Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • University of Amsterdam (NL)
Venue
Journal of Endocrinology
Published
2013-12-09
Volume
221
Issue
1
Pages
T1-T16
ISSN
  • 0022-0795 (ISSN-L)
  • 1479-6805
OpenAlex
W2017810555
Cited by
312
References
147
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
2.97
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords
glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1 receptor agonists, appetite, satiety, central regulation of feeding, body weight, type 2 diabetes, exenatide, liraglutide, dietary intake, vagal afferents, gastric distension, gut-brain axis
MeSH terms
Animals, Appetite, Body Weight, Central Nervous System, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1

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