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Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016
Open accessAbstract
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PERIOD COVERED: 2016. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians live in 11 ADDM Network sites in the United States (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Wisconsin). Surveillance is conducted in two phases. The first phase involves review and abstraction of comprehensive evaluations that were completed by medical and educational service providers in the community. In the second phase, experienced clinicians who systematically review all abstracted information determine ASD case status. The case definition is based on ASD criteria described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. RESULTS: For 2016, across all 11 sites, ASD prevalence was 18.5 per 1,000 (one in 54) children aged 8 years, and ASD was 4.3 times as prevalent among boys as among girls. ASD prevalence varied by site, ranging from 13.1 (Colorado) to 31.4 (New Jersey). Prevalence estimates were approximately identical for non-Hispanic white (white), non-Hispanic black (black), and Asian/Pacific Islander children (18.5, 18.3, and 17.9, respectively) but lower for Hispanic children (15.4). Among children with ASD for whom data on intellectual or cognitive functioning were available, 33% were classified as having intellectual disability (intelligence quotient [IQ] ≤70); this percentage was higher among girls than boys (39% versus 32%) and among black and Hispanic than white children (47%, 36%, and 27%, respectively) [corrected]. Black children with ASD were less likely to have a first evaluation by age 36 months than were white children with ASD (40% versus 45%). The overall median age at earliest known ASD diagnosis (51 months) was similar by sex and racial and ethnic groups; however, black children with IQ ≤70 had a later median age at ASD diagnosis than white children with IQ ≤70 (48 months versus 42 months). INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of ASD varied considerably across sites and was higher than previous estimates since 2014. Although no overall difference in ASD prevalence between black and white children aged 8 years was observed, the disparities for black children persisted in early evaluation and diagnosis of ASD. Hispanic children also continue to be identified as having ASD less frequently than white or black children. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: These findings highlight the variability in the evaluation and detection of ASD across communities and between sociodemographic groups. Continued efforts are needed for early and equitable identification of ASD and timely enrollment in services.
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“The U.S. reports a consistent pattern of increased ASD prevalence among higher socioeconomic status (SES) families (Baio et al. 2018; Durkin et al. 2010, 2017; Maenner et al. 2020; Pedersen et al. 2012), while European countries report increased prevalence among lower SES families (Delobel-Ayoub et al. 2015; Emerson 2012; Rai et al. 2012).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Maenner et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“In the U.S., African American, Hispanic, and Asian children are more likely to receive a diagnosis at a later age than Caucasian children (Maenner et al. 2020; Mandell et al. 2009; Palmer et al. 2010).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Maenner et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While prevalence of ASD likely does not differ across racial and ethnic groups (Fombonne 2003; Maenner et al. 2020), the average age of diagnosis continues to differentiate these groups.”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Maenner et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lastly, while the percentage of children diagnosed with ASD and intellectual disability is higher among African American and Hispanic children compared to Caucasian children in the U.S., African American and Hispanic children are nevertheless diagnosed at a later age on average than Caucasian children (Maenner et al. 2020).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Maenner et al. 2020
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In the citing paper
“If consistent with the rate of ID in ASD cases in the United States or the United Kingdom, it would be approximately 40% over this diagnostic period.20”
From The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Surveillance among children aged 4 years in 2016 (8) indicated similar prevalence among children of different racial and ethnic groups, consistent with trends among children aged 8 years (9).”
From Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018 (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“however, diagnosis typically occurs later in Europe (3.5 years), USA (4 years), and Canada (6 years), exposing an opportunity to decrease the age at diagnosis and accelerate access to specialized healthcare.”
From Tackling healthcare access barriers for individuals with autism from diagnosis to adulthood (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
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“ASD is ~4 times more prevalent in boys than in girls (16, 31).”
From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“and 1.85% (CI95%: 1.80–1.91%) in children aged eight year old (26).”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“In the US, Christensen et al. (15) and Maenner et al. (26) assessed the prevalence of ID in ASD children aged 4y and 8y respectively based on the ADDM network and reported rates of 46.10% and 33.00%.”
From Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“The estimated prevalence of ASD has increased over 30-fold over the last four decades,18 primarily due to diagnostic expansion.19,20”
From The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Members of previous generations, particularly those able to live independently as adults, were far less likely to receive an ASD diagnosis in childhood than children born as of writing.19,20”
From The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“For example, females are on average diagnosed later than males.20”
From The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The sex ratio is one example of how differences in identification of children without intellectual disability can affect patterns observed at older ages, with a higher ratio of boys to girls at age 8 years than at age 4 years, consistent with previous reports (8,9).”
In the citing paper
“In surveillance year 2018, ASD prevalence among Black children was higher than among White children at five of 11 sites and overall, the opposite of the pattern before surveillance year 2016 among children aged 8 years (9,17).”
In the citing paper
“Children with co-occurring intellectual disability are more likely to be identified earlier than children without intellectual disability, as indicated by an earlier median age at identification among this group (11) as well as the consistently higher proportion of children with intellectual disability at age 4 years (8,13) than at age 8 years (9,11,17).”
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Citations
Cites
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BackgroundAn mtDNA mutant mouse demonstrates that mitochondrial deficiency can result in autism endophenotypes
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Diversity and Classification of Genetic Variations in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kereszturi, É. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242316768 · Cited by 51
Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Gallin, Z., Kolevzon, A. M., Reichenberg, A., Hankerson, S. H., & Kolevzon, A. L. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06403-5 · Cited by 49
“…sample size between race groups also affect the integrity of the data: in the 2008 and 2010 ADDM birth cohorts, the confidence interval for ASD prevalence among API children is so large that it overlaps with the confidence intervals for every other race group included (Maenner et al., 2020, 2021).”
InfluentialBitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., Andronicos, N. M., & Agnew, L. L. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.010 · Cited by 41
Sociodemographic differences in parental satisfaction with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis
Hidalgo, N. J., McIntyre, L. L., & McWhirter, E. H. (2015) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2014.994171 · Cited by 47
Hesapçıoğlu, S. T., Ceylan, M. F., Kaşak, M., & Şen, C. P. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101520 · Cited by 41
Tsilioni, I., Pantazopoulos, H., Conti, P., Leeman, S. E., & Theoharides, T. C. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2004666117 · Cited by 41
Barnes, J. A., Park, C. H., Howard, A., & Jeon, M. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2020.1819667 · Cited by 42
“…not otherwise specified in the previous fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 1 in 54 children in the US aged 8 years old in 2016 had ASD (Maenner, Shaw, Baio et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTrends Over a Decade in NIH Funding for Autism Spectrum Disorder Services Research
Cervantes, P. E., Matheis, M., Estabillo, J. A., Seag, D. E. M., Nelson, K. L., Peth-Pierce, R., Hoagwood, K., & Horwitz, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04746-3 · Cited by 43
Aviel-Shekler, K., Hamshawi, Y., Sirhan, W., Getselter, D., Srikanth, K. D., Malka, A., Piran, R., & Elliott, E. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01096-7 · Cited by 41
DeSpenza, T., Carlson, M., Panchagnula, S., Robert, S. M., Duy, P. Q., Mermin‐Bunnell, K., Reeves, B. C., Kundishora, A. J., Elsamadicy, A. A., Smith, H. L., et al. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2021.08.007 · Cited by 42
Kanlayaprasit, S., Thongkorn, S., Panjabud, P., Jindatip, D., Hu, V. W., Kikkawa, T., Osumi, N., & Sarachana, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413201 · Cited by 42
“In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated the prevalence of ASD in children by the age of eight to be 1 in 54, with at least four times higher in males than in females [2].”
BackgroundBuprenorphine Microdose Induction for the Management of Prescription Opioid Dependence
Robbins, J. L., Englander, H. L., & Gregg, J. L. (2021) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2021.s1.200236 · Cited by 40
von Below, R., Spaeth, E., & Horlin, C. (2021) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2021.1988159 · Cited by 54
Greene, R. K., Vasile, I., Bradbury, K. R., Olsen, A., & Duvall, S. W. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2021.1942220 · Cited by 42
“It is currently estimated that approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States have a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Maenner et al., 2020), up from 1 in 150 children from 2000 through 2002 (Braun et al., 2007) and 3.4 in 1000 in 1996 (Yeargin-Allsopp et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialKaur, M., Eigsti, I., & Bhat, A. N. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101860 · Cited by 40
Corbett, B. A., Muscatello, R. A., Kim, A., Vandekar, S., Duffus, S. H., Sparks, S., & Tanguturi, Y. C. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2786 · Cited by 44
“Frequently, a male bias is reported showing a 4:1 maleto-female ratio (Maenner et al., 2020); however, other evidence suggests the ratio may be closer to 2:1 or 3:1 due to under-diagnosis (Kim et al., 2011; Loomes et al., 2017) and a unique female phenotype (Corbett et al., 2020; Kreiser & White,…”
BackgroundOh, J., Shin, H., Kannan, K., Busgang, S. A., Schmidt, R. J., Schweitzer, J. B., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., & Bennett, D. H. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114322 · Cited by 41
New valproate regulations, informed choice and seizure risk
Angus‐Leppan, H., Arkell, R., Watkins, L. V., Heaney, D. C., Cooper, P. N., & Shankar, R. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12436-8 · Cited by 40
“In 2016, 1.85% of children in USA were estimated to have autism compared to 0.67% in 2000 [51].”
InfluentialTanner, K. J., Case‐Smith, J., Nahikian-Nelms, M. L., Ratliff-Schaub, K. L., Spees, C., & Darragh, A. R. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2015.019273 · Cited by 45
Behavioral outcomes of picky eating in childhood: a prospective study in the general population
Cano, S. C., Hoek, H. W., van Hoeken, D., de Barse, L. M., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12530 · Cited by 47
Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Child's Weight–Related Behaviors: A Parents' Perspective
Polfuss, M. L., Johnson, N. L., Bonis, S. A., Hovis, S., Apollon, F., & Sawin, K. J. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2016.05.006 · Cited by 42
Antipurinergic therapy for autism—An in-depth review
Naviaux, R. K. (2017) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2017.12.007 · Cited by 42
Hedgecock, J. B., Dannemiller, L., Shui, A. M., Rapport, M. J., & Katz, T. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzy006 · Cited by 40
Central Auditory Processing Disorders in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Ocak, E., Eshraghi, R. S., Danesh, A. A., Mittal, R., & Eshraghi, A. A. (2018) · Balkan Medical Journal · doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.2018.0853 · Cited by 48
Yu, D., Jiao, X., Cao, T., & Huang, F. (2018) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001107 · Cited by 40
Yang, J., Fu, X. B., Liao, X., & Li, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.561998 · Cited by 41
“(4) RSV + VPA: RSV injection plus VPA injection Intervention duration: 13 days RSV attenuated VPA-triggered down-regulation of SIRT1”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNguyen, U. T.-H., Tinsley, B., Sen, Y., Stein, J., Palacios, Y., Ceballos, A., Welch, C. J., Nzenkue, K., Penn, A., Murphy, L., et al. (2020) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.007 · Cited by 40
“The prevalence of NDDs has increased significantly over the past several decades—perhaps most notably, the incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased by almost 300 percent in the last 20 years [2, 3].”
BackgroundPotassium channels and autism spectrum disorder: An overview
Cheng, P., Qiu, Z., & Du, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.10123 · Cited by 40
Shankopathies in the Developing Brain in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Vyas, Y., Cheyne, J. E., Lee, K., Jung, Y., Cheung, P. Y., & Montgomery, J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.775431 · Cited by 46
Bilge, S., & Ekici, B. (2021) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00108-7 · Cited by 40
“Currently, it affects up to 1 in 54 individuals (Maenner et al. 2020).”
BackgroundJamali, A. R., Zarei, M. A., Sanjari, M. A., Akbarfahimi, M., & Saneii, S. H. (2021) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/03080226211061492 · Cited by 39
“Children with ASD and their families need a variety of interventions to address their problems.”
MethodInfluentialChen, L. S., Xu, L., Dhar, S. U., Li, M., Talwar, D., & Jung, E. (2014) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/cge.12504 · Cited by 46
Testing two screening instruments for autism spectrum disorder in UK community child health services
Charman, T., Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Chandler, S., Davison‐Jenkins, A., Sharma, A., O'Sullivan, T., & Pickles, A. (2016) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12874 · Cited by 43
Chang, M. Y., Doppee, D., Yu, F., Perez, C., Coleman, A. L., & Pineles, S. L. (2020) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.048 · Cited by 41
Columna, L. A., Prieto, L. A., Beach, P., Russo, N. N., & Foley, J. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312398 · Cited by 39
“Diagnosed in approximately 1 in every 54 children, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common developmental disabilities in the United States [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialCervantes, P. E., Brown, D. S., & Horwitz, S. M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221091316 · Cited by 39
“…injury diagnosis across groups, youth in the ASD group were much more likely to be male; this finding is unsurprising given the sex ratio found in population-level ASD prevalence studies (Maenner et al., 2020) and existing barriers to ASD diagnosis for females (Lockwood Estrin et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBehavior Analytic Feeding Interventions: Current State of the Literature
Williams, K. E., & Seiverling, L. J. (2022) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455221098118 · Cited by 39
“For comparison, 1 in 54 children aged 8 years are diagnosed with ASD (Maenner et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAutistic women’s diagnostic experiences: Interactions with identity and impacts on well-being
Harmens, M., Sedgewick, F., & Hobson, H. (2022) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057221137477 · Cited by 41
Nielsen, T. C., Nassar, N., Boulton, K., Guastella, A. J., & Lain, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05887-3 · Cited by 40
Zhang, Q.-B., Jiang, L., Kong, L., & Lu, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.013 · Cited by 38
Dioxins as potential risk factors for autism spectrum disorder
Guo, Z., Xie, H. Q., Zhang, P., Luo, Y., Xu, T., Liu, Y., Fu, H., Xu, S. L., Valsami‐Jones, E., Boksa, P., et al. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.028 · Cited by 39
Neonatal EEG linked to individual differences in socioemotional outcomes and autism risk in toddlers
Brito, N. H., Elliott, A., Isler, J. R., Rodríguez, C., Friedrich, C., Shuffrey, L. C., & Fifer, W. P. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21870 · Cited by 39
Robea, M. A., Jijie, R., Nicoară, M., Plavan, G. I., Ciobica, A. S., Solcan, C., Audira, G., Hsiao, C., & Strungaru, Ș.-A. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9100944 · Cited by 39
A meta-analysis of prosody in autism, Williams syndrome, and Down syndrome
Loveall, S. J., Hawthorne, K. E., & Gaines, M. (2020) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106055 · Cited by 43
Icht, M., Zukerman, G., Ben‐Itzchak, E., & Ben‐David, B. M. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2551 · Cited by 44
Gaming Disorder in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Murray, A., Mannion, A., Chen, J. L., & Leader, G. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05138-x · Cited by 39
Capal, J. K., Williams, M. E., Pearson, D. A., Kissinger, R. D., Horn, P. S., Murray, D. S., Currans, K., Kent, B., Bebin, M., Northrup, H., et al. (2021) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26249 · Cited by 41
“ASD is one of the most common co-occurring TAND diagnoses, and prior studies have estimated that approximately 30% to 50% of individuals with TSC meet criteria for ASD(6,8,9) as compared to a prevalence of 1 in 54 (2%) for the general population.(10) Risk correlates for ASD in TSC include presence of developmental del…”
BackgroundUnderwood, J. F. G., DelPozo‐Baños, M., Frizzati, A., John, A. M., & Hall, J. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211059674 · Cited by 47
Mast cell activation disease and the modern epidemic of chronic inflammatory disease
Afrin, L. B. (2016) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.003 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., EdS1, Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Pettygrove, S., Andrews, J. G., Lopez, M., Hudson, A., Baroud, T., Schwenk, Y., White, T., Rosenberg, C. R., Lee, L.-C., Harrington, R. A., Huston, M., Hewitt, A., PhD-7, Esler, A., Hall-Lande, J., Poynter, J. N., Hallas-Muchow, L., Constantino, J. N., Fitzgerald, R. T., Zahorodny, W., Shenouda, J., Daniels, J. L., Warren, Z., Vehorn, A., Salinas, A., Durkin, M. S., & Dietz, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maenner, Matthew J.
- ORCID
- Maenner, Matthew J.
- Shaw, Kelly A.
- Washington, Anita
- Patrick, Mary
- DiRienzo, Monica
- Wiggins, Lisa D.
- Pettygrove, Sydney
- Andrews, Jennifer G.
- Lopez, Maya
- Rosenberg, Cordelia Robinson
- Lee, Li-Ching
- Esler, Amy
- Poynter, Jenny N.
- Constantino, John N.
- Fitzgerald, Robert T.
- Zahorodny, Walter
- Shenouda, Josephine
- Daniels, Julie L.
- Warren, Zachary
- Durkin, Maureen S.
- Dietz, Patricia M.
- Venue
- MMWR. Surveillance Summaries
- Published
- 2020-03-27
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 1545-8636 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-0738
- PMC
- PMC7119644
- OpenAlex
- W3027179734
- Semantic Scholar
- ddeb34dc450a7cdc9fd11cdb896b266be9fa1f05
- Cited by
- 3,780
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 335 · 2023: 473 · 2022: 732 · 2021: 904 · 2020: 393
- FWCI
- 336.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- MMWR Surveillance Summaries (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autism prevalence, sex differences, racial and ethnic disparities, intellectual disability, age at diagnosis, autism epidemiology, Black children, Hispanic children, white children, regional variation in prevalence, United States states and territories
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, United States, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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