ChatGPT User Experience: Implications for Education

“Similarly, Zhai (2022) stated that it took him 2-3 hours to conduct a study on ChatGPT.”

“As Zhai (2022) cautions, the use of text-to-text generators such as ChatGPT may compromise the validity of assessment practices, particularly those involving written assignments.”

“This was also reported in several studies (Firat, 2023; Susnjak, 2022; Zhai, 2022).”

“Some academics argue that this could have a negative impact on the quality of education and ultimately harm the students’ learning outcomes (Chan & Lee, 2023; Korn & Kelly, 2023; Oliver, 2023; Zhai, 2022).”

“ChatGPT can perpetuate biases and discrimination (Zhai, 2022).”

“This can lead to unequal and unfair outcomes for students, particularly if the bias is related to factors such as race, gender, or socio-economic status” (Zhai, 2022, p. 7).”

“…stage, a few studies were published to explore the potential and strength of using ChatGPT’s features in education, e.g., enhancing creativity and critical thinking (Zhai, 2022), sitting for an medical exam (Gilson et al., 2022), and empowering learners in engineering education (Qadir, 2022).”

“This evolution may render the teacher-AI relationship in education ever more dynamic and difficult to predict than before (Kasneci et al., 2023; Zhai, 2022).”

“While Adesso (2022) has used GPT3 to write a full paper in physics, to be submitted o a journal ‘‘as is’’, and Zhai (2022) has also experimented with creating a research paper outline.”

“Using arti fi cial intelligence (AI) in education presents a number of di ffi culties in terms of student participation (Zhai, 2022).”

“As documented in several other research (Firat, 2023; Susnjak, 2022; Zhai, 2022) the results showed that ChatGPT has the potential to alter education in a variety of ways.”

“● The danger posed by ChatGPT to traditional evaluation methods is substantial [8, 12, 14].”

“…realm of education, researchers have been discussing ChatGPT’s implications for teaching and learning (Garcia-Peñalvo, 2023; Rudolph et al., 2023; Zhai, 2022) and exploring its potential use in various subjects, such as journalism and media (Pavlik, 2023), medicine (Gilson et al., 2022; Khan et…”

“In terms of curriculum, teachers have the responsibility to cultivate students’ critical thinking and effective skills, including mastering artificial intelligence technologies such as Chat GPT (Zhai, 2022).”

“One of the most promising applications of ChatGPT is personalised tutoring and learning support [66].”

“In music generation, models such as the autoencoder and variational autoencoder can generate new music (Zhai, 2022).”

“…institutions are investigating ways of integrating this artificial intelligence (AI) approach as part of their educational system, identifying its ability to revolutionize traditional pedagogical techniques, improve student interaction, as well as create specific learning environments [20].”

“This result is well-supported by the findings of Zhai (2022), who mentions that ChatGPT is essential to improving creativity in teaching and learning process.”

“A fine-tuned ChatGPT may offer individualized, engaging, and successful learning experiences consistent with the philosophy of lifelong learning by integrating domain-specific knowledge, context awareness, and pedagogical techniques (Zhai, 2022).”

“By harnessing ChatGPT, language educators can fashion lesson plans and materials that cater to each learner's specific needs and preferences, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and appeal of language instruction (Zhai, 2022).”

“Through a pilot study of the use of ChatGPT for writing an academic paper, Zhai (2022) reported that the text written by the AI chatbot was coherent and informative and suggested that improving students ’ creativity and critical thinking should be focused on in education.”

“According to three respondents, using ChatGPT could indeed hinder the development of valuable skills, such as critical thinking – a concern also raised by Zhai (2022).”

“A number of studies have also inquired whether GPT-3 could author an academic paper with minimum human involvement (Zhai 2022).”

“One avenue to explore is offering AI literacy training (i.e., professional development activities) to teachers (García-Peñalvo, 2023; Zhai, 2022).”

“In his experience report, Zahi [11] piloted ChatGPT by writing an academic paper on an example topic.”

“Thus, pedagogical innovations, policy adjustments, new forms of writing assessments, and teacher education (Zhai, 2022) are needed to adapt to the potential impact of AI on desired student learning outcomes within specific writing curriculums.”

“Many studies, preprints, blogs, and YouTube (YouTube, LLC/Google LLC) videos have reported multiple benefits of using ChatGPT in higher education, academic writing, technical writing, and medical reports [10].”

“ChatGPT, the final product of this partnership, has taken people’s content creation and their impact on educational environments to a whole new level (Bishop, 2023; Duong & Solomon, 2023; Jiao et al., 2023; Kutela et al., 2023; Lund & Agbaji, 2023; Rudolph et al., 2023; Zhai, 2022, 2023).”

“Additionally, several studies have investigated the real-world implications of ChatGPT in education, focusing on the viewpoints of educational institutions and educators (Pavlik, 2023; Qadir, 2022; Zhai, 2022).”

“The benefits of AI in education have been well-publicised in the literature (Zhai, 2022), and this has led to a rise of a new area of ‘best practice’ guides for using AI in classrooms (Mollick and Mollick, 2022; Lieberman, 2023).”

“This has led to its use in a variety of academic fields, such as programming [8, 36], medical science [7, 25, 30], education [9, 44], and social computing [18, 38].”

“Its ability to understand and respond to natural language input makes it a versatile tool that can be applied to various fields, such as education [9].”

“Furthermore, studies also found that the use of ChatGPT and other LLMs could encourage personalized learning, foster complex learning, and even reduce teachers’ workload (Farrokhnia et al., 2023; Tlili et al., 2023; Zhai, 2022).”

“For instance, some scholars (Qadir, 2022; Zhai, 2022) believed that ChatGPT could potentially promote students ’ independent learning practices as it could help with designing customized learning plans.”

“…can use ChatGPT as a virtual assistant to receive quick and reliable answers to inquiries related to pedagogical approaches, subject-specific content, lesson planning, and classroom management strategies (Cotton et al., 2023; George et al., 2023; Mizumoto & Eguchi, 2023; Qadir, 2022; Zhai, 2022).”

“ChatGPT can aid in the creation of realistic case scenarios for teaching purposes, enhancing student engagement and problem-solving skills (Zhai (2022).”

“Zhai (2022) Biased outcomes, privacy, replacement of human jobs, lack of transparency. generated nonsensical or unfaithful content.”

“Critical thinking or digital literacy on what ChatGPT provides will be important expertise of future science teachers [4], [5].”

“…planning For professional development For research and writing For language learning For assessment and evaluation The acquaintance of students with AI challenges For instance, Zhai [60] discusses the potential impacts of ChatGPT and similar AI tools on education, drawing upon user experience.”

“Research studies by Ali et al. (2023), Zhai (2022), Guo and Wang (2023), and Song and Song (2023) have consistently acknowledged ChatGPT-4 for enhancing writing pro fi ciency in English as a Foreign Language (EFL), providing constructive feedback, and facilitating personalized learning experiences.”

“ChatGPT employs natural language processing to generate human-like responses to user prompts, making it a valuable tool for creating exam-style questions, addressing homework assignments, drafting academic essays, and automatically generating educational content (Zhai, 2022).”

“For students needing help starting writing, ChatGPT can be used to brainstorm writing topics and content to help facilitate the writing process (Zhai, 2022).”

“Zhai[79]proposedtheexplorationofinnovative formatstofosterstudents’creativeandcriticalthinking.”

“This shift has the potential to transform classroom assessment practices (Zhai 2022) and, consequently, reshape writing instruction and learning. one such chatbot, ChatGPT, has garnered scholarly attention since its launch in november 2022.”

“Proses yang dibutuhkan Zhai untuk menghasilkan artikel itu hanya 2-3 jam saja, sudah termasuk untuk melakukan proses edit minor dan reorganisasi artikel (Zhai, 2023).”

“Instead of completely prohibiting the use of ChatGPT, the writing teachers have to modify their goals, teaching methods, learning tasks and assessment to capitalize on its potential and mitigate the potential ethical and social risks (Barrot, 2023 ; EDUCAUSE, 2023; Zhai, 2022 ).”

“ChatGPT, researchers have been discussing their enormous potential impacts in various educational scenarios (Zhai, 2022).”

“While the main modality used in ChatGPT is text, it is also possible to incorporate other tools and create a multimodal application that includes sound, images, or videos.”

“One of the primary concerns has been the potential for students to use ChatGPT to plagiarize or generate work that is not their own, leading to concerns about academic integrity (Rudolph, Tan, and Tan 2023; Susnjak 2022; Zhai 2022; Cotton, Cotton, and Shipway 2023).”

“Indeed, previous studies (Baidoo-Anu & Ansah, 2023; Felix, 2020; Kizilcec, 2023; Zhai, 2022) have supported these findings by highlighting the various ways in which AIED can assist teachers.”

“Biased algorithms or limited training data can propagate harm (Zhai, 2022).”

“Finally, ChatGPT can take the role of an assistant and help with a variety of activities, such as improving student writing (Baidoo-Anu & Ansah, 2023; Elbanna & Armstrong, 2023; Zhai, 2022).”

“…Baidoo-Anu and Owusu Ansah [53] under-scored speci fi c capabilities such as personalized tutoring and feedback, along with automated essay grading [54] for students, [55] stressed the unique tailored learning experiences for students that can help to improve reading comprehension and performance.”

“The findings strengthen the notion discussed in the research by Zhai (2022), who asserted that it is critical to employ new forms of evaluation in which students’ creativity and critical thinking skills are mainly focused.”

“In a recent research study [28], researchers showed that ChatGPT could write coherent, (partially) accurate, informative, and systematic papers for students in higher education.”

“Its ability to work on complicated tasks that require human intelligence, such as answering exam-style questions in business, law, and medicine or writing academic texts, has placed it as an innovative learning tool, attracting researchers’ interest (Zhai, 2022).”

“…attention due to its ability to generate coherent output across a wide range of topics, including creative writing (King, 2023; Kirmani, 2023; Zhai, 2022 ), computer coding and bug fixing (Davis et al., 2023; Sobania et al., 2023), teaching innovation (Rudolph et al., 2023; Šlapeta, 2023),…”

“…in November 2022 has attracted the attention of the public and sparked widespread debate in the academic community of higher education with concerns on the affordances and challenges educators, including English as Foreign Language (EFL) researchers, may face (Godwin-Jones, 2022; Zhai, 2022).”

“…(ali & openai, 2023; Kasneci et al., 2023; Khan et al., 2023), providing suggestions (atlas, 2023; han et al., 2023; Megahed et al., 2023; Zhai, 2022), performing language translations (Bishop, 2023; Khan et al., 2023), assessing aspects such as generating assessment tasks (Bishop, 2023;…”

“As Zhai (2022) cautions, the use of text-to-text generators such as ChatGPT may compromise the validity of assessment practices, particularly those involving written assignments.”

“These skills may extend beyond traditional knowledge and technical expertise, encompassing abilities that will allow individuals to coexist and collaborate effectively with GAI systems (Zhai, 2022), such as critical thinking, creativity, emotional intelligence, and adaptability, among others.”

“In addition to passing higher education courses, Zhai [48] echoed that ChatGPT could assist students to write cohesively and insightfully.”

“When used for brainstorming, ChatGPT’s text output offers an efficient synthesis of information and ideas, which can help teachers save time when creating relevant lesson plans and instructional materials (Farrokhnia et al., 2023; Zhai, 2022).”