MODIFICATIONS TO WEEKEND RECOVERY SLEEP DELAY CIRCADIAN PHASE IN OLDER ADOLESCENTS
Open accessAbstract
Adolescents often report shorter time in bed and earlier wake-up times on school days compared to weekend days. Extending sleep on weekend nights may reflect a "recovery" process as youngsters try to compensate for an accumulated school-week sleep debt. The authors examined whether the circadian timing system of adolescents shifted after keeping a common late weekend "recovery" sleep schedule; it was hypothesized that a circadian phase delay shift would follow this later and longer weekend sleep. The second aim of this study was to test whether modifying sleep timing or light exposure on weekends while still providing recovery sleep can stabilize the circadian system. Two experiments addressed these aims. Experiment 1 was a 4-wk, within-subjects counterbalanced design comparing two weekend sleep schedule conditions, "TYPICAL" and "NAP." Compared to weeknights, participants retired 1.5 h later and woke 3 h later on TYPICAL weekends but 1 h later on NAP weekends, which also included a 2-h afternoon nap. Experiment 2 was a 2-wk, between-subjects design with two groups ("TYPICAL" or "LIGHT") that differed by weekend morning light exposure. TYPICAL and LIGHT groups followed the TYPICAL weekend schedule of Experiment 1, and the LIGHT group received 1 h of light (454-484 nm) upon weekend wake-up. Weekend time in bed was 1.5 h longer/night than weeknights in both experimental protocols. Participants slept at home during the study. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase was assessed in the laboratory before (Friday) and after (Sunday) each weekend. Participants were ages 15 to 17 yrs. Twelve participants (4 boys) were included in Experiment 1, and 33 (10 boys) were included in Experiment 2. DLMO phase delayed over TYPICAL weekends in Experiment 1 by (mean +/- SD) 45 +/- 31 min and Experiment 2 by 46 +/- 34 min. DLMO phase also delayed over NAP weekends (41 +/- 34 min) and did not differ from the TYPICAL condition of Experiment 1. DLMO phase delayed over LIGHT weekends (38 +/- 28 min) and did not differ from the TYPICAL group of Experiment 2. In summary, adolescents phase delay after keeping a commonly observed weekend sleep schedule. Waking earlier or exposure to short-wavelength light on weekend mornings, however, did not stabilize circadian timing in this sample of youngsters. These data inform chronotherapy interventions and underscore the need to test circadian phase-shifting responses to light in this age group.
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Transitions from weekday to weekend compound the phase delay in the endogenous clock that is often referred to as 'social jet-lag'.
“Transitions from weekday to weekend compound the phase delay in the endogenous clock150,151 that is often referred to as ‘social jet-lag’148,152.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [151]
Weekend oversleep compounds the phase delay in the circadian clock, making it more difficult to get up on Monday morning.
“Weekend oversleep compounds the phase delay in the clock (46,47), making it even more difficult to get up on Monday morning.”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
Sleeping later on weekends delays internal circadian timing, maintaining adolescents' later circadian timing and resulting in insomnia and sleep loss as the school week begins.
“Sleeping later has consequences for the circadian system, which responds to the later rise times and later exposure to light by delaying internal timing (Crowley & Carskadon, 2010). This maintains adolescents’ later circadian timing, resulting in insomnia and sleep loss as the school week begins.”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Crowley & Carskadon, 2010
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- Authors
- Crowley, S. J., & Carskadon, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crowley, Stephanie J.
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1469-1492
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- PMC
- PMC3415304
- OpenAlex
- W2083301381
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH078662)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian phase delay, recovery sleep, adolescents, dim light melatonin onset, sleep debt, afternoon nap, morning light exposure, short-wavelength light, circadian system, sleep timing, older adolescents, time in bed, wake-up time, melatonin suppression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Light, Melatonin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Random Allocation, Schools, Sleep, Actigraphy
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