Social jetlag negatively correlates with academic performance in undergraduates
Abstract
Discrepancies between sleep timing on workdays and weekends, also known as social jetlag (SJL), affect the majority of the population and have been found to be associated with increased health risk and health-impairing behaviors. In this study, we explored the relationship between SJL and academic performance in a sample of undergraduates of the Semmelweis University. We assessed SJL and other sleep-related parameters with the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) (n = 753). Academic performance was measured by the average grade based on weekly test results as well as scores acquired on the final test (n = 247). The average mid-sleep point on free days in the Hungarian sample fits well the regression line plotted for longitudes within the Central European Time Zone and chronotypes, confirming that sunlight has a major impact on chronotype. Multivariate analysis showed negative effect of SJL on the weekly average grade (p = 0.028, n = 247) during the lecture term with its highly regular teaching schedules, while this association disappeared in the exam period (p = 0.871, n = 247) when students had no scheduled obligations (lower SJL). We also analyzed the relationship between the time of the weekly tests and academic performance and found that students with later sleep times on free days achieved worse in the morning (p = 0.017, n = 129), while the inverse tendency was observed for the afternoon test-takers (p = 0.10, n = 118). We did not find significant association between academic performance and sleep duration or sleep debt on work days. Our data suggest that circadian misalignment can have a significant negative effect on academic performance. One possible reason for this misalignment is socially enforced sleep times.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Adolescents who experience greater sleep inconsistency perform worse in school.
“Adolescents who experience greater sleep inconsistency perform worse in school.28–31”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Cites
A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness- eveningness in human circadian rhythms
Home, J. K. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,783 · see citing works
Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2762 · Cited by 3,760 · see citing works
Life between Clocks: Daily Temporal Patterns of Human Chronotypes
Roenneberg, T., Wirz-Justice, A., & Merrow, M. (2003) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730402239679 · Cited by 2,662 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Jetlag: Misalignment of Biological and Social Time
Wittmann, M., Dinich, J., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2006) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520500545979 · Cited by 2,625 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents
Wolfson, A. R., & Carskadon, M. A. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06149.x · Cited by 1,676 · see citing works
A marker for the end of adolescence
Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Pramstaller, P. P., Ricken, J., Havel, M., Guth, A., & Merrow, M. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039 · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology of the human circadian clock
Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Juda, M., Kantermann, T., Allebrandt, K., Gordijn, M., & Merrow, M. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.005 · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
Self-citationAn h <i>Per2</i> Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
Toh, K. L., Jones, C. R., He, Y., Eide, E. J., Hinz, W. A., Virshup, D. M., Ptáček, L. J., & Fu, Y.-H. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1057499 · Cited by 1,460 · see citing works
Roenneberg, T., Allebrandt, K. V., Merrow, M., & Vetter, C. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.038 · Cited by 1,407 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance
CURCIO, G., FERRARA, M., & DEGENNARO, L. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.001 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
ETHICS AND METHODS FOR BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM RESEARCH ON ANIMALS AND HUMAN BEINGS
Portaluppi, F., Smolensky, M. H., & Touitou, Y. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.516381 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Smith, C. S., Reilly, C., & Midkiff, K. (1989) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.728 · Cited by 1,106 · see citing works
Entrainment of the Human Circadian Clock to the Natural Light-Dark Cycle
Wright, K. P., McHill, A. W., Birks, B. R., Griffin, B. R., Rusterholz, T., & Chinoy, E. D. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.039 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Baehr, E. K., Revelle, W., & Eastman, C. I. (2000) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00196.x · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population
Levandovski, R., Dantas, G., Fernandes, L. C., Caumo, W., Torres, I., Roenneberg, T., Hidalgo, M. P. L., & Allebrandt, K. V. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.602445 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Self-citationGENDER DIFFERENCES IN MORNINGNESS–EVENINGNESS PREFERENCE
Adan, A., & Natale, V. (2002) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120005390 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night
Hansen, J. (2001) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200101000-00013 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
The human circadian clock entrains to sun time
Roenneberg, T., Kumar, C., & Merrow, M. W. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.011 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citationA diurnal type scale. Construction, consistency and validation in shift work.
Torsvall, L., & Åkerstedt, T. (1980) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.2608 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Duffy, J. F., Dijk, D., Hall, E. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1177/108155899904700310 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Chronotype Modulates Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Social Jet Lag in Shift-Workers
Juda, M., Vetter, C., & Roenneberg, T. (2013) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730412475042 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Self-citationPaine, S.-J., Gander, P. H., & Travier, N. (2006) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730405283154 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance
Ahrberg, K., Dresler, M., Niedermaier, S., Steiger, A., & Genzel, L. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.008 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Circadian Time of Morning Light Administration and Therapeutic Response in Winter Depression
Terman, J. S., Terman, M., Lo, E.-S., & Cooper, T. B. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.69 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
The Human Circadian Clock's Seasonal Adjustment Is Disrupted by Daylight Saving Time
Kantermann, T., Juda, M., Merrow, M. W., & Roenneberg, T. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.025 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Self-citationSleeping brain, learning brain. The role of sleep for memory systems
Peigneux, P., Laureys, S., Delbeuck, X., & Maquet, P. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200112210-00001 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Human resource development and visualization
Yamane, T., & Takei, M. (2009) · Journal of Visualization · doi:10.1007/bf03181933 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Towards a Predictive Test of Adjustment to Shift Work
Folkard, S., Monk, T. H., & LOBUAN, M. C. (1979) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140137908924591 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Relationship between depressive mood and chronotype in healthy subjects
Hidalgo, M. P. L., Caumo, W., Posser, M. S., de Souza, S. B. C., Camozzato, A. L., & Chaves, M. L. F. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01965.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Santhi, N., Thorne, H. C., van der Veen, D. R., Johnsen, S., Mills, S. L., Hommes, V., Schlangen, L. J. M., Archer, S. N., & Dijk, D. (2012) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00970.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Sleep and Academic Performance in Undergraduates: A Multi-measure, Multi-predictor Approach
Gomes, A. A., Tavares, J., & de Azevedo, M. H. P. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.606518 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans
Wright, K. P., Lowry, C. A., & LeBourgeois, M. K. (2012) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00050 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Investigation of morning–evening orientation in six countries using the preferences scale
Smith, C. S., Folkard, S., Schmieder, R. A., Parra, L. F., Spelten, E. R., Almirall, H., Sen, R. N., Sahu, S., Pérez, L. M., & Tisak, J. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00098-8 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Influence of chronotype, season, and sex of subject on sleep behavior of young adults
Lehnkering, H., & Siegmund, R. (2007) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520701648259 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Slow-wave sleep takes the leading role in memory reorganization
Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2762-c2 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Kudielka, B. M., Federenko, I. S., Hellhammer, D. H., & Wüst, S. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.003 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Early to bed, early to rise! Sleep habits and academic performance in college students
Eliasson, A. H., Lettieri, C. J., & Eliasson, A. H. (2010) · Sleep and Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-009-0282-2 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Comparing three morningness scales: Age and gender effects, structure and cut-off criteria
Caci, H., Deschaux, O., Adan, A., & Natale, V. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.01.007 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Relationship between Circadian Typology and Big Five Personality Domains
Tonetti, L., Fabbri, M., & Natale, V. (2009) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520902750995 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
SLEEP LOGS OF YOUNG ADULTS WITH SELF-SELECTED SLEEP TIMES PREDICT THE DIM LIGHT MELATONIN ONSET
Martin, S. K., & Eastman, C. I. (2002) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120006080 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The dim light melatonin onset following fixed and free sleep schedules
Burgess, H. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2005) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00470.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Morningness-Eveningness Preferences and Academic Achievement of University Students
Beşoluk, Ş., Önder, İ., & Deveci, İ. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.540729 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Morningness-eveningness, habitual sleep-wake variables and cortisol level
Randler, C., & Schaal, S. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.04.006 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Beebe, D. W., Rose, D., & Amin, R. (2010) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.03.005 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Hur, Y. (2007) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00562.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Roberts, R. D., & Kyllonen, P. C. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00054-9 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Relationship of Chronotype to Sleep, Light Exposure, and Work-Related Fatigue in Student Workers
Martin, J. S., Hébert, M., Ledoux, É., Gaudreault, M., & Laberge, L. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.653656 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
CIRCADIAN TYPOLOGY AND TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS
Adán, A., Lachica, J., Caci, H. M., & Natale, V. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420520903398559 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Matchock, R. L., & Mordkoff, J. T. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1567-6 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Hippocampal memory consolidation during sleep: a comparison of mammals and birds
Rattenborg, N. C., Martı́nez-González, D., Roth, T. C., & Витальевич, П. В. (2010) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00165.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Age and Gender Differences in Morningness–Eveningness During Adolescence
Randler, C. (2011) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2010.535225 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hoffman, A. E., Zheng, T., Stevens, R. G., Ba, Y., Zhang, Y., Leaderer, D., Yi, C., Holford, T. R., & Zhu, Y. L. (2009) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4572 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Preckel, F., Lipnevich, A. A., Boehme, K. L., Brandner, L., Georgi, K., Könen, T., Mursin, K., & Roberts, R. D. (2012) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02059.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Class Start Times, Sleep, and Academic Performance in College: A Path Analysis
Onyper, S. V., Thacher, P. V., Gilbert, J. W., & Gradess, S. G. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.655868 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sleep timing is more important than sleep length or quality for medical school performance
Genzel, L., Ahrberg, K., Roselli, C., Niedermaier, S., Steiger, A., Dresler, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2013) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.763132 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, D. J., Clay, K. C., Bramoweth, A. D., Sethi, K., & Roane, B. M. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.580870 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Why night owls are more intelligent
Kanazawa, S., & Perina, K. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.021 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS, SEX, AND THE ALTERNATIVE FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY
Muro, A., Gomà‐i‐Freixanet, M., & Adán, A. (2009) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420520903240491 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Rotating Night Shifts and Risk of Skin Cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study
Schernhammer, E. S., Razavi, P., Li, T. Y., Qureshi, A. A., & Han, J. (2011) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djr044 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Lazar, A. S., Santhi, N., Hasan, S., Lo, J. C. ‐., Johnston, J. D., Von Schantz, M., Archer, S. N., & Dijk, D. (2013) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: First evidence from a pilot study
Kantermann, T., Duboutay, F., Haubruge, D., Kerkhofs, M., Schmidt-Trucksäss, A., & Skene, D. J. (2013) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-121531 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Laberge, L., Carrier, J., Lespérance, P., Lambert, C., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Montplaisir, J. Y. (2000) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-100101059 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Circadian Typology, Age, and the Alternative Five-Factor Personality Model in an Adult Women Sample
Muro, A., Gomà‐i‐Freixanet, M., Adán, A., & Cladellas, R. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.590262 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Circadian Typology and Sensation Seeking in Adolescents
Muro, A., Gomà-i-Freixanet, M., & Adan, A. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.728665 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pomplun, M., Silva, E. J., Ronda, J. M., Cain, S. W., Münch, M. Y., Czeisler, C. A., & Duffy, J. F. (2012) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/12.7.14 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Clarisse, R., Floc’h, N. L., Kindelberger, C., & Feunteun, P. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420521003794051 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Okano, K., Kaczmarzyk, J. R., Dave, N., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Grossman, J. C. (2019) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-019-0055-z · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Social jetlag, academic achievement and cognitive performance: Understanding gender/sex differences
Díaz-Morales, J. F., & Escribano, C. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1041599 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Tonetti, L., Natale, V., & Randler, C. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1049271 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Du, C., Zan, M. C. H., Cho, M. J., Fenton, J. I., Hsiao, P. Y., Hsiao, R., Keaver, L., Lai, C.-C., Lee, H., Ludy, M.-J., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020442 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hasler, B. P., Kirisci, L., & Clark, D. B. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.649 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
McGowan, N. M., Voinescu, B. I., & Coogan, A. N. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1208214 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Tavernier, R., Munroe, M., & Willoughby, T. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1085062 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
- Authors
- Haraszti, R. Á., Ella, K., Gyöngyösi, N., Roenneberg, T., & Káldi, K.
- Affiliations
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Káldi, Krisztina
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-02-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 603-612
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W2156263298
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 21.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Semmelweis University Repository (Semmelweis University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Semmelweis Egyetem
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- social jetlag, academic performance, chronotype, circadian misalignment, sleep timing, Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, university students, test performance, sleep debt, sleep duration
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Curriculum, Educational Measurement, Educational Status, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Social Behavior, Students, Teaching, Time Factors, Universities, Work Schedule Tolerance, Chronobiology Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
