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Cited by 527Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disordersSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population

Levandovski, Rosa, Dantas, Giovana, Fernandes, Luciana Carvalho, Caumo, Wolnei, Torres, Iraci, Roenneberg, Till, Hidalgo, Maria Paz Loayza, Allebrandt, Karla Viviani·2011·Chronobiology International
DOI 10.3109/07420528.2011.602445
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Abstract

In public health, mood disorders are among the most important mental impairments. Patients with depressive episodes exhibit daily mood variations, abnormal patterns in sleep-wake behavior, and in the daily rhythms of several endocrine-metabolic parameters. Although the relationship between the sleep/circadian processes and mood disorders is poorly understood, clock-related therapies, such as light therapy, sleep deprivation, and rigid sleep schedules, have been shown to be effective treatments. Several studies investigated the relationship between circadian phenotype (chronotype) and depression. These focused mainly on urban populations and assessed diurnal preferences (Morningness-Eveningness score) rather than the actual timing of sleep and activity. Here, we used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in an essentially rural population (N?=?4051), and investigated its relation to circadian phenotype (chronotype and social jetlag), assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). In our study design, we (i) normalized both chronotype and BDI scores for age and sex (MSF(sas) and BDI(as), respectively); (ii) calculated individual social jetlag (misalignment of the biological and social time); and (iii) investigated the relationship between circadian phenotypes and BDI scores in a population homogeneous in respect to culture, socioeconomic factors, and daily light exposure. A 15.65% (N?=?634) of the participants showed mild to severe depressive BDI scores. Late chronotypes had a higher BDI(as) than intermediate and early types, which was independent of whether or not the participants were smokers. Both chronotype and BDI(as) correlated positively with social jetlag. BDI(as) was significantly higher in subjects with >2?h of social jetlag than in the rest of the population?again independent of smoking status. We also compared chronotype and social jetlag distributions between BDI categories (no symptoms, minimal symptoms, and mild to severe symptoms of depression) separately for men and women and for four age groups; specifically in the age group 31?40 yrs, subjects with mild to severe BDI scores were significantly later chronotypes and suffered from higher social jetlag. Our results indicate that misalignment of circadian and social time may be a risk factor for developing depression, especially in 31- to 40-yr-olds. These relationships should be further investigated in longitudinal studies to reveal if reduction of social jetlag should be part of prevention strategies. (Author correspondence: karla.allebrandt@med.uni-muenchen.de ).

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  • Generalizing depression by combining all types of depression results in a link between jet lag/social jet lag and depression.

    “However, in common with shift work, generalizing depression (i.e., combining all types of depression) results in a link between jet lag/social jet lag and depression75–79.”

    From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [78]

  • The role of social factors as key modifiable determinants of an individual's chronotype is increasingly recognized.

    “Indeed, the role of social factors as key modifiable determinants of an individual's chronotype is increasingly recognized (64, 65).”

    From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [64]

  • Evening types are more likely to be depressed, overweight, diabetic, and hypertensive compared to morning types.

    “Evening types are also more likely to be depressed (10), overweight (11), diabetic, and hypertensive (12), in comparison to morning types.”

    From Social jetlag, chronotype, and cardiometabolic risk (2015) · cites this paper as [10]

  • Two adult studies assessing weekday-weekend difference in midsleep reported associations with elevated smoking and depression.

    “Two adult studies assessing weekday-weekend difference in midsleep reported associations with elevated smoking (Wittmann et al., 2006) and depression (Levandovski et al., 2011).”

    From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Levandovski et al., 2011

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Authors
Levandovski, R., Dantas, G., Fernandes, L. C., Caumo, W., Torres, I., Roenneberg, T., Hidalgo, M. P. L., & Allebrandt, K. V.
Affiliations
  • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
  • Univates (BR)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Corresponding author
Allebrandt, Karla Viviani
ORCID
Venue
Chronobiology International
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2011-09-06
Volume
28
Issue
9
Pages
771-778
ISSN
  • 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
  • 1525-6073
DOI
10.3109/07420528.2011.602445
OpenAlex
W1993938981
Semantic Scholar
0cd46919c9537cf335f7e0cd407620cab99af56b
Cited by
527
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 12
FWCI
11.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords
depression, chronotype, social jetlag, circadian phenotype, circadian misalignment, rural population, Beck Depression Inventory, Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, smoking, age differences, sex differences, mood disorders, sleep-wake behavior
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brazil, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Sleep, Social Behavior, Chronotherapy, Chronobiology Disorders, Young Adult

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