Neurostimulation therapies for treatment resistant depression: A focus on vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation
Open accessAbstract
Antidepressant treatments, including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, do not result in remission for the majority of patients with major depressive disorder. The high prevalence of treatment resistant depression (TRD) poses a significant issue for patients as well as both societal and economic costs. Due to the limited efficacy of existing therapies in this sub-population, alternative somatic treatments are being explored. Both vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) are neurostimulation treatments for TRD. While VNS has Food Drug Administration approval as an adjunctive therapy for MDD, DBS is still in the experimental stages. This article will review the evidence supporting the clinical utility of these therapies.
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Mayberg, H. S., Lozano, A. M., Voon, V., McNeely, H. E., Seminowicz, D. A., Hamani, C., Schwalb, J. M., & Kennedy, S. H. (2008) · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationManta, S., Dong, J., Debonnel, G., & Blier, P. (2009) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.12.001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Inflammatory Biomarkers in Depression: An Opportunity for Novel Therapeutic Interventions
Li, M., Soczynska, J. K., & Kennedy, S. H. (2011) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0210-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationTunbridge, E. M., Eastwood, S. L., & Harrison, P. J. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.023 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Lipsman, N., McIntyre, R. S., Giacobbe, P., Torres, C. V., Kennedy, S. H., & Lozano, A. M. (2010) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00868.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationCarpenter, L. L., Bayat, L., Moreno, F., Kling, M. A., Price, L. H., Tyrka, A. R., Kinkead, B. L., Owens, M. J., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.04.016 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lozano, A. M. (2015) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.378 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rawlins, P. K. (1999) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1090-3798(99)91102-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Otte, C., Gold, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Pariante, C. M., Etkin, A., Fava, M., Mohr, D. C., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 · Cited by 2,269 · see citing works
Malhi, G. S., Bassett, D., Boyce, P., Bryant, R., Fitzgerald, P. B., Fritz, K., Hopwood, M., Lyndon, B., Mulder, R., Murray, G., et al. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415617657 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
“, 2012), vagus nerve stimulation (Rizvi et al., 2011) and repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (George, 2010) should all be reserved for specialist centres and patients need to be monitored medically and for the emergence of manic switches.”
BackgroundVagal pathways for microbiome-brain-gut axis communication
Forsythe, P., Bienenstock, J., & Kunze, W. A. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_5 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Treatment-resistant depression: Definitions, review of the evidence, and algorithmic approach
McIntyre, R. S., Filteau, M.-J., Martin, L., Patry, S., Carvalho, A., Cha, D. S., Barakat, M., & Miguelez, M. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.043 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Harshaw, C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038101 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Treatment-Resistant Depression in Primary Care across Canada
Rizvi, S. J., Grima, E., Tan, M., Rotzinger, S., Lin, P., McIntyre, R. S., & Kennedy, S. H. (2014) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371405900702 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationRamasubbu, R., Lang, S., & Kiss, Z. H. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00302 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rizvi, S. J., Donovan, M., Giacobbe, P., Placenza, F., Rotzinger, S., & Kennedy, S. H.
- Affiliations
- University Health Network (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kennedy, Sidney H.
- Venue
- International Review of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 424-436
- ISSN
- 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1627
- OpenAlex
- W1986341987
- Semantic Scholar
- 97454ec3e327cdd510bcaa118aca512903d5de28
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, neurostimulation, adjunctive therapy, somatic treatment, antidepressant treatment failure
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Brain, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Psychotherapy, Remission Induction, Vagus Nerve, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Cost of Illness, Device Approval, Therapies, Investigational, Deep Brain Stimulation, Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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