Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 557

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives

Open access
Moses, Tessa, Papadopoulou, Kalliope K., Osbourn, Anne·2014·Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
DOI 10.3109/10409238.2014.953628
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Saponins are widely distributed plant natural products with vast structural and functional diversity. They are typically composed of a hydrophobic aglycone, which is extensively decorated with functional groups prior to the addition of hydrophilic sugar moieties, to result in surface-active amphipathic compounds. The saponins are broadly classified as triterpenoids, steroids or steroidal glycoalkaloids, based on the aglycone structure from which they are derived. The saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates display a variety of biological activities of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food sectors. Although their relevance in industrial applications has long been recognized, their role in plants is underexplored. Recent research on modulating native pathway flux in saponin biosynthesis has demonstrated the roles of saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates in plant growth and development. Here, we review the literature on the effects of these molecules on plant physiology, which collectively implicate them in plant primary processes. The industrial uses and potential of saponins are discussed with respect to structure and activity, highlighting the undoubted value of these molecules as therapeutics.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3109/10409238.2014.953628

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 8 references

Research works printed but not linked: 222

  1. 10.1038/ki.2013.38 · DOI
  2. Abe I, Ebizuka Y, Sankawa U. (1988). Purification of 2,3-oxidosqualene: cycloartenol cyclase from seedlings. Chem Pharm Bull 36:5031–4 · doi:10.1248/cpb.36.5031
  3. 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00445-7 · DOI · Paper page
  4. 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77196-1 · DOI
  5. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.015 · DOI · Paper page
  6. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199706)74:2<273::AID-JSFA800>3.0.CO;2-L · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199706)74:2<273::aid-jsfa800>3.0.co;2-l
  7. Baisted DJ. (1971). Sterol and triterpene synthesis in the developing and germinating pea seed. Biochem J 124:375–83 · doi:10.1042/bj1240375
  8. 10.1074/jbc.M109.005835 · DOI
  9. 10.1126/science.1171661 · DOI · Paper page
  10. 10.1002/1097-0010(200011)80:14<2096::AID-JSFA757>3.0.CO;2-6 · doi:10.1002/1097-0010(200011)80:14<2096::aid-jsfa757>3.0.co;2-6
  11. Boiteau P, Ratsimamanga AR. (1956). Asiaticoside extracted from Centella asiatica and its therapeutic uses in cicatrization of experimental and refractory wounds (leprosy, cutaneous tuberculosis and lupus). Therapie 11:125–49
  12. 10.3390/md9101761 · DOI · Paper page
  13. 10.1126/science.7824933 · DOI · Paper page
  14. 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.01.013 · DOI
  15. 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08175.x · DOI
  16. 10.1073/pnas.1112500109 · DOI
  17. 10.1093/aob/mcm255 · DOI
  18. Buschhaus C, Jetter R. (2011). Composition differences between epicuticular and intracuticular wax substructures: how do plants seal their epidermal surfaces? J Exp Biol 62:841–53
  19. 10.1104/pp.112.198473 · DOI · Paper page
  20. 10.1105/tpc.111.087312 · DOI · Paper page
  21. 10.1128/AEM.65.8.3364-3372.1999 · DOI
  22. 10.1021/ja401535g · DOI
  23. Cheeke PR. (2009). Applications of saponins as feed additives in poultry productioned. Engormix: Poultry Industry
  24. 10.1038/aps.2008.6 · doi:10.1038/aps.2008.6
  25. Chen Y, Guo Q, Liu L, et al. (2011). Influence of fertilization and drought stress on the growth and production of secondary metabolites in Prunella vulgaris L. J Med Plant Res 5:1749–55
  26. 10.3390/ijms11114417 · doi:10.3390/ijms11114417
  27. 10.1371/journal.pone.0093151 · DOI
  28. 10.1142/S0192415X03000825 · doi:10.1142/s0192415x03000825
  29. 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.05.004 · DOI
  30. 10.1016/S0962-8924(03)00167-3 · DOI · Paper page
  31. 10.1073/pnas.0507575103 · DOI
  32. 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00385.x · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00385.x
  33. Dalsgaard. (1978). A study of the isolation and characterization of the saponin Quil A. Evaluation of its adjuvant activity, with a special reference to the application in the vaccination of cattle against foot-and-mouth disease. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 69:7–40
  34. 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.003 · DOI
  35. Delis C, Krokida A, Georgiou S, et al. (2011). Role of lupeol synthase in Lotus japonicus nodule formation. New Phytol 189:335–46 · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03463.x
  36. 10.1002/cbdv.200800070 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Etebu E. (2012). Postharvest pathology and phytochemicals of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) fruits and wastes. Agric Sci Res 2:285–94
  38. 10.1021/jm025565f · DOI
  39. 10.1073/pnas.1109273108 · DOI · Paper page
  40. 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01863.x · DOI · Paper page
  41. 10.1126/science.1154990 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Finlay HJ, Honda T, Gribble GW, et al. (1997). Novel A-ring cleaved analogs of oleanolic and ursolic acids which affect growth regulation in NRP.152 prostate cells. Bioorg Med Chem 7:1769–72 · doi:10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00310-7
  43. 10.1079/BJN2002725 · DOI · Paper page
  44. 10.1021/jf061471t · DOI · Paper page
  45. 10.1021/jf021146f · DOI · Paper page
  46. 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134921 · DOI · Paper page
  47. 10.1021/np50104a008 · DOI · Paper page
  48. 10.1007/s11418-005-0005-3 · DOI
  49. 10.1094/MPMI-9-0233 · DOI · Paper page
  50. 10.1586/erv.11.29 · DOI · Paper page
  51. 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.022 · DOI
  52. 10.1021/np800579x · DOI
  53. 10.1073/pnas.1309157110 · DOI · Paper page
  54. 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89671-5 · DOI · Paper page
  55. 10.1007/s11540-008-9103-4 · DOI
  56. Go YS, Lee SB, Kim HJ, et al. (2012). Identification of marneral synthase, which is critical for growth and development in Arabidopsis. Plant J 72:791–804 · DOI
  57. Grandmougin-Ferjani A, Dalpé Y, Hartmann MA, et al. (1999). Sterol distribution in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Phytochemistry 50:1027–31 · DOI
  58. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.020 · DOI
  59. 10.1080/10408390600698197 · DOI · Paper page
  60. 10.1016/j.abb.2005.12.013 · DOI
  61. Guhling O, Kinzler C, Dreyer M, et al. (2005). Surface composition of myrmecophilic plants: cuticular wax and glandular trichomes on leaves of Macaranga tanarius. J Chem Ecol 31:2323–41 · DOI
  62. Gus-Mayer S, Brunner H, Schneider-Poetsch HAW, Rüdiger W. (1994). Avenacosidase from oat: purification, sequence analysis and biochemical characterization of a new member of the BGA family of β-glucosidases. Plant Mol Biol 26:909–21 · DOI
  63. 10.1073/pnas.231324698 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Haralampidis K, Trojanowska M, Osbourn AE. (2001b). Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 75:31–49
  65. 10.1007/s00425-001-0715-z · doi:10.1007/s00425-001-0715-z
  66. 10.1248/bpb.21.987 · doi:10.1248/bpb.21.987
  67. 10.1248/bpb.27.1086 · DOI
  68. 10.1073/pnas.152342599 · DOI · Paper page
  69. Helmkamp G, Bonner J. (1953). Some relationships of sterols to plant growth. Plant Physiol 28:428–36 · doi:10.1104/pp.28.3.428
  70. Henry M, Rahier A, Taton M. (1992). Effect of gypsogenin 3,O-glucuronide pretreatment of Gypsophila paniculata and Saponaria officinalis cell suspension cultures on the activities of microsomal 2,3-oxidosqualene cycloartenol and amyrin cyclases. Phytochemistry 31:3855–9 · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97541-1
  71. 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00063-5 · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(96)00063-5
  72. Hoagland RE. (2009). Toxicity of tomatine and tomatidine on weeds, crops and phytopathogenetic fungi. Allelopathy J 23:425–36
  73. Hoffmann D. (2003). Medical herbalism: the science and practice of herbal medicine. Rochester (VT): Inner Traditions, Bear & Co
  74. 10.1016/S0960-894X(97)00279-5 · DOI
  75. 10.1021/jm000008j · DOI
  76. Honda T, Honda Y, Favaloro FGJ, et al. (2002). A novel dicyanotriterpenoid, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-onitrile, active at picomolar concentrations for inhibition of nitric oxide production. Bioorg Med Chem 12:1027–30 · DOI
  77. 10.1016/S0960-894X(99)00623-X · DOI
  78. Hostettmann K, Marston A. (1995). Saponins (chemistry and pharmacology of natural products). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  79. Hostettmann K, Marston A. (2005). Saponins, chemistry and pharmacology of natural products. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  80. 10.1007/s00425-012-1712-0 · DOI
  81. 10.1021/jf0482663 · DOI
  82. 10.1126/science.1240230 · DOI · Paper page
  83. 10.1105/tpc.111.088732 · DOI · Paper page
  84. 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.053 · DOI
  85. 10.1023/A:1022519709298 · DOI
  86. 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00581.x · DOI · Paper page
  87. 10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02331-2 · DOI
  88. 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01449.x · DOI
  89. 10.1021/jf051256x · doi:10.1021/jf051256x
  90. Kemen AC, Honkanen S, Melton RE, et al. (2014). Investigation of triterpene synthesis and regulation in oats reveals a role for β-amyrin in determining root epidermal cell patterning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:8679–84 · DOI
  91. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199801)76:1<91::AID-JSFA926>3.0.CO;2-H · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199801)76:1<91::aid-jsfa926>3.0.co;2-h
  92. Kim OT, Kim MY, Huh SM, et al. (2005). Cloning of a cDNA probably encoding oxidosqualene cyclase associated with asiaticoside biosynthesis from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Plant Cell Rep 24:304–11 · DOI
  93. 10.1007/BF02994756 · DOI
  94. 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.001 · DOI
  95. 10.1351/pac200274071189 · doi:10.1351/pac200274071189
  96. 10.1016/0889-1575(92)90006-6 · DOI · Paper page
  97. 10.1111/nph.12414 · DOI
  98. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.001 · DOI
  99. 10.4161/hv.24269 · DOI
  100. Lapillonne H, Konopleva M, Tsao T, et al. (2003). Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma by a novel synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid induces growth arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 63:5926–39
  101. 10.1055/s-0029-1186102 · DOI · Paper page
  102. 10.1101/gad.969002 · DOI · Paper page
  103. 10.1371/journal.pone.0018915 · DOI
  104. 10.1128/CVI.00617-13 · DOI
  105. 10.1007/BF02107181 · doi:10.1007/bf02107181
  106. 10.1073/pnas.2234683100 · DOI · Paper page
  107. 10.1007/s12272-009-1117-1 · doi:10.1007/s12272-009-1117-1
  108. Liby K, Honda T, Williams CR, et al. (2007a). Novel semisynthetic analogues of betulinic acid with diverse cytoprotective, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic activities. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2113–19 · DOI
  109. 10.1124/pr.111.004846 · DOI · Paper page
  110. Lin JT, Chen SL, Liu SC, Yang DJ. (2009). Effect of harvest time on saponins in Yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto). J Food Drug Anal 17:116–22
  111. 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00209-8 · DOI
  112. 10.1080/10286020801966674 · doi:10.1080/10286020801966674
  113. Liu Y, Lu WX, Yan MC, et al. (2010). Synthesis and tumor cytotoxicity of novel amide derivatives of β-hederin. Molecules 15:7871–83 · doi:10.3390/molecules15117871
  114. Livingston AL, Knuckles BE, Teuber LR, et al. (1984). Minimizing the saponin content of alfalfa sprouts and leaf protein concentrates. Adv Exp Med Biol 177:253–68 · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4790-3_12
  115. 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.07.017 · DOI
  116. Lorent J, Lins L, Domenech O, et al. (2014). Domain formation and permeabilization induced by the saponin α-hederin and its aglycone hederagenin in a cholesterol-containing bilayer. Langmuir 30:4556–69 · doi:10.1021/la4049902
  117. 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.004 · DOI · Paper page
  118. 10.1093/jxb/erm271 · DOI · Paper page
  119. 10.1007/s10875-013-9949-3 · DOI
  120. 10.1105/tpc.113.110551 · doi:10.1105/tpc.113.110551
  121. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.003 · DOI
  122. 10.1105/tpc.107.056531 · DOI
  123. 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.01.020 · DOI · Paper page
  124. 10.1105/tpc.109.073270 · DOI · Paper page
  125. 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90515-6 · DOI
  126. 10.1371/journal.pone.0052870 · DOI
  127. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a134941 · DOI
  128. Nisius A. (1988). The stromacentre in Avena plastids: an aggregation of β-glucosidase responsible for the activation of oat-leaf saponins. Planta 173:474–81 · DOI
  129. Nützmann HW, Osbourn A. (2014). Gene clustering in plant specialized metabolism. Curr Opin Biotechnol 26:91–9 · DOI · Paper page
  130. 10.1515/BC.2000.009 · DOI · Paper page
  131. Oda K, Matsuda H, Murakami T, et al. (2003). Relationship between adjuvant activity and amphipathic structure of soyasaponins. Vaccine 21:145–51
  132. Ohana R, Delmer DP, Carlson RW, et al. (1998). Identification of a novel triterpenoid saponin from Pisum sativum as a specific inhibitor of the diguanylate cyclase of Acetobacter xylinum. Plant Cell Physiol 39:144–52 · DOI
  133. Ohara S, Ohira T. (2003). Plant growth regulation effects of triterpenoid saponins. J Wood Sci 49:59–64 · doi:10.1007/s100860300010
  134. 10.1111/nph.12208 · DOI
  135. 10.1007/BF02381728 · doi:10.1007/bf02381728
  136. 10.1007/BF00987369 · DOI
  137. 10.1007/978-1-4613-0413-5_13 · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0413-5_13
  138. 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00393-X · DOI · Paper page
  139. 10.1039/c1np00015b · DOI · Paper page
  140. 10.1016/S0885-5765(05)80042-6 · DOI
  141. Palmer MA, Bowden BN. (1977). Variations in sterol and triterpene contents of developing Sorghum bicolor grains. Phytochemistry 16:459–63 · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)94328-0
  142. 10.1111/pbr.12016 · doi:10.1111/pbr.12016
  143. 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12923 · DOI · Paper page
  144. 10.1094/MPMI-21-6-0728 · DOI
  145. Parente JP, Da Silva BP. (2009). Bioactive complex triterpenoid saponins from the Leguminosae family. Nat Prod Commun 4:143–55
  146. 10.1007/s11101-005-2835-8 · DOI · Paper page
  147. 10.1007/s13659-012-0014-3 · DOI
  148. 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.06.008 · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2011.06.008
  149. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(19990715)79:10<1305::AID-JSFA368>3.0.CO;2-R · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(19990715)79:10<1305::aid-jsfa368>3.0.co;2-r
  150. 10.1007/s11101-010-9183-z · DOI · Paper page
  151. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.022 · DOI · Paper page
  152. 10.1038/nature12685 · DOI
  153. 10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00398-3 · DOI
  154. 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.023 · DOI
  155. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.012 · DOI · Paper page
  156. 10.1073/pnas.0401301101 · DOI · Paper page
  157. 10.1073/pnas.0607849103 · DOI · Paper page
  158. 10.1104/pp.125.2.990 · DOI
  159. Rahman A, Tsurumi S, Amakawa T, et al. (2000). Involvement of ethylene and gibberellin signalings in chromosaponin I-induced cell division and cell elongation in the roots of Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol 41:1–9 · doi:10.1093/pcp/41.1.1
  160. Rahman A, Tsurumi S. (2002). The unique auxin influx modulator chromosaponin I: a physiological overview. Plant Tissue Culture 12:181–94
  161. 10.1080/01635580802357352 · DOI · Paper page
  162. 10.1007/BF00252292 · DOI
  163. 10.1093/carcin/bgp044 · DOI
  164. 10.1007/BF02866642 · DOI
  165. 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.2.137 · DOI
  166. Sandrock RW, VanEtten HD. (2001). The relevance of tomatinase activity in pathogens of tomato: disruption of the β2-tomatinase gene in Colletotrichum coccodes and Septoria lycopersici and heterologous expression of the Septoria lycopersici β2-tomatinase in Nectria haematococca, a pathogen of tomato fruit. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 58:159–71 · DOI
  167. 10.1007/s00217-005-0011-4 · DOI
  168. Seeman P. (1967). Transient holes in the erythrocyte membrane during hypotonic hemolysis and stable holes in the membrane after lysis by saponin and lysolecithin. J Cell Biol 32:55–70 · doi:10.1083/jcb.32.1.55
  169. 10.1073/pnas.0803876105 · DOI · Paper page
  170. 10.1134/S1021443709050069 · doi:10.1134/s1021443709050069
  171. 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.006 · DOI · Paper page
  172. 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.09.007 · DOI
  173. 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00875.x · DOI
  174. 10.1128/AAC.00289-06 · DOI
  175. 10.1002/jlb.64.6.713 · DOI · Paper page
  176. 10.1128/AAC.00152-07 · DOI · Paper page
  177. 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00077-E · DOI · Paper page
  178. 10.1371/journal.pone.0089939 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089939
  179. 10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.016 · DOI · Paper page
  180. 10.1002/ddr.20179 · DOI
  181. Suh N, Paul S, Lee HJ, et al. (2012). Synthetic triterpenoids, CDDO-imidazolide and CDDO-ethyl amide, induce chondrogenesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20:446–50 · DOI
  182. Sun H, Fang WS, Wang WZ, Hu C. (2006a). Structure–activity relationships of oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenoids. Bot Stud 47:339–68
  183. 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.07.003 · DOI
  184. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.036 · DOI
  185. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.091 · DOI · Paper page
  186. 10.1007/s11101-010-9177-x · DOI · Paper page
  187. Tamura Y, Miyakoshi M, Yamamoto M. (2012). Application of saponin-containing plants in foods and cosmetics. In: Sakagami H, ed. Alternative medicine. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 85–101
  188. 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00668.x · doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00668.x
  189. 10.1111/jipb.2009.51.issue-6 · doi:10.1111/jipb.2009.51.issue-6
  190. 10.2147/BTAT.S17261 · doi:10.2147/btat.s17261
  191. 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.06.033 · DOI
  192. 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120229 · DOI · Paper page
  193. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.07.003 · DOI
  194. Tran K, Risingsong R, Royce DB, et al. (2013). The combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat and synthetic triterpenoids reduces tumorigenesis in mouse models of cancer. Carcinogenesis 34:199–210 · DOI
  195. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1962 · DOI
  196. 10.1016/0031-9422(91)80028-Y · DOI
  197. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078840 · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078840
  198. Turner EMC. (1960). The nature of resistance of oats to the take-all fungus. Distribution of the inhibitor in oat seedlings. J Exp Biol 11:403–12
  199. 10.1038/ismej.2013.119 · DOI · Paper page
  200. 10.1016/0031-9422(89)80264-X · DOI

200 of 222 shown

Cited by

See all 557

Metadata

Authors
Moses, T., Papadopoulou, K. K., & Osbourn, A.
Venue
Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2014-10-06
Volume
49
Issue
6
Pages
439-462
ISSN
  • 0045-6411 (ISSN-L)
  • 1040-9238
  • 1549-7798
DOI
10.3109/10409238.2014.953628
OpenAlex
W2087644906
Cited by
557
References
8
FWCI
0.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3109/10409238.2014.953628
The paper
Moses, T., Papadopoulou, K. K., & Osbourn, A. (2014). Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238.2014.953628

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.