Cited by 219Immune responses and vaccinationsImmune Response and InflammationT-cell and B-cell Immunology

The role of environmental factors in modulating immune responses in early life

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MacGillivray, Duncan M., Kollmann, Tobias R.·2014·Frontiers in Immunology

Abstract

The concept of immunological memory stipulates that past exposures shape present immune function. These exposures include not only specific antigens impacting adaptive immune memory but also conserved pathogen or danger associated molecular patterns that mold innate immune responses for prolonged periods of time. It should thus not come as a surprise that there is a vast range of external or environmental factors that impact immunity. The importance of environmental factors modulating immunity is most readily recognized in early life, a period of rapidly changing environments. We here summarize available data on the role of environment shaping immune development and from it derive an overarching hypothesis relating the underlying molecular mechanisms and evolutionary principles involved.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00434

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  • Defenses against intracellular pathogens and cell-mediated immunity rely on Th-1 responses, which reach adult levels only after around two years of age.

    “Defenses against intracellular pathogens and cell-mediated immunity rely on Th-1 responses, which reach adult levels only after around two years of age [24].”

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Authors
MacGillivray, D. M., & Kollmann, T. R.
Affiliations
University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author
Kollmann, Tobias R.
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Published
2014-09-12
Volume
5
Pages
434-434
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2077870918
Cited by
219
References
182
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7
FWCI
0.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Burroughs Wellcome Fund
  • Michael Smith Health Research BC
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords
environmental factors, immune system development, early life, immunological memory, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, damage-associated molecular patterns, evolutionary immunology, immune system evolution

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